Arts in Southeast Asia
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PaintingMural Paintings Depicting Ramayana
The mural paintings show a combination of traditional and modern painting techniques as follows: the traditional painting techniques are demonstrated through the main characters’ dresses are similar to those in the Masked dance drama, they are showing the same dance movements, and the characters’ adornments are gilded. The modern painting techniques include the use of horizon lines and perspective, imitation of real buildings such as palaces in the Grand Palace, and depiction of real landscapes. In addition, the paintings also show ways of life of people in the Thai Royal Court and ordinary Thai people and humor through the supporting characters. There are 178 painting panels in total; and each painting comes with verse of Ramayana poetry on the lower part of the panels, 224 verses in total.
ArchitecturePhra Sri Rattanachedi
Phra Sri Rattanachedi is a bell-shaped stupa in circular plan. Its four niches which have doors leading to the inner chamber, where the relics are kept in the small golden stupa, have smaller bell-shaped stupa on the top. The stupa is on a set of pyramidal lotus-shaped pedestals with wires in round plan. Its Ballang is in square plan, surrounded by supporting pillars.
SculptureAvalokitesvara Bodhisattva
The sculpture is in the damaged condition. Only the head and upper body in ‘Tribhanga’ posture (standing body position or stance used in the traditional Indian sculpture, art and Indian classical dance forms) are left. The lower part of body is lost.The face is plump and well-crafted. The eyelids are half closed. The Unalome is visible at the forehead while head wears the triangle crown with jewelries. The hair bun on the top of the head is broken and lost, only the hair that is down to the shoulders left. The body wears many accessories such as the leather body bracelet with the chamois head on the left shoulder. This body bracelet is overlapped by a pearl body bracelet. Two necklaces, the top one is of pearls and the lower one is jewelries with flowers decorated. The jewels bracelet is also visible. Overall, this sculpture reflects the relationship between the Network of Mahayana Buddhist Kingdoms such as Pala Dynasty of India and Shailendra Dynasty of Java. However, the study by Assoc Prof Chet Tingsanchali points out the traits of the sculpture that do not exist in Java Art which means this sculpture might be crafted in Thailand.
ArchitecturePrasat Phra Thep Bidorn
Prasat Phra Thep Bidorn is a four-portico building with Prang top. The front projecting portico is in the east. The wall is decorated by tiles in Phoom Khao Bindh pattern on blue background. The cornice is decorated with Chorfah, Bairaka, Naksadung and Hanghong. A prang is on the top of the building, which is made from plaster and decorated with coloured tiles. Its four pediments display the royal coats of arms. The northern portico’s pediment displays Unalom of King Rama I. The southern portico’s pediment displays Garuda holding Nagas of King Rama II. The western portico’s pediment displays Phra Viman of King Rama III and the eastern portico’s pediment displays Phra Makamongkut of King Rama IV. The windows and doorways has Mongkut tops which are coated with gold lacquer and glass, while the sided walls show the royal coats of arms of King Rama I – V.
ArchitectureChedi Phukhao Thong
Chedi Phukhao Thong is a monumental architecture. It comprises a pyramidal ambulatory platform with a staircase projecting from the middle of all four sides and a 12-angle indented (recessed) body. The upper part of the chedi, which now tilted slightly, is composed of Buddha niches on four sides, triple rings moulding, anindented bell-shaped dome and a spire.
ArchitecturePhra Ubosot Wat Benchamabophit Dusitwanaram
Phra ubosot is in projecting cross plan and faces the east The easterm portico is extended, while the duplicated Phra Phuttha Jinaraj is installed in the western wing. The northern and southern porticos are linked to the cloister that leads to the back of the building.The front edge of the boundary stand concrete pillars with lotus-bud-shaped echinus, which signify “Sema”, while the back of the ubosot shows through Dharmacakra Sema on a granite-carved floor tiles. The boundary floor uses pink and gray granite tiles, while the wall is a white marble.The eastern and western porticos have four marble pillars in circular plan. Beside the staircase of each side stand a pair of marble-carved lions, which Prince Naris designed and molded by Khun Sakolpradit, the royal artisan.The exterior door was embossed with Dvarapala, while the interior door was painted the same figure with golden lacquer. The windows use the same technic, however, with Mara Baek. The niches were decorated by stained glass.The roof was built in traditional Thai form with yellow corrugated tiles and Thepphanom at the eaves, which once were the roof tiles of Wat Kalayanamite that later had been coloured in China. The pediment of phra ubosot displays the important state coat of arms. The eastern portico’s pediment displays Vishnu riding Garuda which stands for Phra Krooth Pah emblem. The western portico’s pediment display Unalom in Bussabok which stands for Maha Unalom or Maha Ongkarn emblem. The northern portico’s pediment displays three-headed elephant carrying bussabok which stands for Aiyarapot emblem. The southern portico’s pediment displays Cakra which stands for Cakraroth or Dharmacakra emblem.
ArchitecturePhra Ubosot Wat Phra Sri Rattanasatsadaram
Phra Ubosot Wat Phra Sri Rattanasatsadaram is a traditional Thai brick-and-stucco architecture in rectangular plan with boundary and faces the east.The three-tiered wooden roof is decorated by blue roof tiles, with orange and yellow roof tiles at the edge line. The cornice is decorated with Chorfah, Bairaka, Naksadung and Hanghong. The floral-carved-wooden pediment is coated with gold lacquer and glass, whose centre displays Vishnu riding Garuda.The exterior wall is decorated with gold-lacquer-and-glass Phoom Khao Bindh pattern, while there are Garuda holding Naga sculptures around the pedestal. Three doorways can be found both in the front and the back, with three pairs of bronze lion figures at the front staircase. There are pillars in dodecagonal plan surrounding the ubosot in the veranda area. Its echinus is a lotus shape and brackets are supporting the eaves.
SculptureYakṣas at the Temple of the Emerald Buddha
The 12 sculptures are made of stucco with colorful glazed porcelain adornments according to Rammakian including different types of crowns, blouses, costumes, pointed sandals, etc. Their bodies were also painted according to the literary work.6 pairs of Yakṣas are as follows: 1.Suriyaphop – Intharachit 2.Mangkonkan – Wirunhok 3.Thotsakhichanthon – Thotsakhiriwan 4.Chakrawat – Atsakanmarasun 5.Thotsakan - Sahatsadecha Maiyarap - Wirunchambang
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Minaret of Masjid Kampong Kling
The Southeast Asian-styled mosques are different from Indian or Persian masjids. The mosque has a square plan with 4 pillars supporting the sloping roof with the wooden beam supporting the tile roof without any dome. Other interesting point is the minaret that has stacked body with the Chinese sloping roof at the top. The shape of the minaret is similar to Chinese pagoda. At the same time, the minaret is also look alike the Dargarh type tower in Nagapattinam in South India
Dutch Colonization Period
17th – 18th century
Architecture
ArchitecturePrasat sdokkokthom
It is consisted of a Principal Tower located in the center of a square plan with only one entrance in the east. The other three sides are false doors. The Principal Tower is in an incomplete condition. It was built with sandstone on a laterite base surrounded by Sao Nang Rieng or Sao Nang Jarun (square pillars). There are 2 Banalais or repositories for scriptures in the rectangle plan, located in the northeast and southeast of the principle tower respectively. The entire building is surrounded by a curved outer wall with a gate, known as a gopura in the east. The curved outer wall in the west side appears a long room separated in the center. There is a canal between the curved outer wall and the inner wall. The inner wall was made of laterite. There is a gopura in the east and there is a connected laterite paved pathway between the gopura of the curved outer wall and the gopura of the inner wall. There are Sao Nang Rieng square pillars on both sides stretching to the canal in the east of the canal, outside of the inner wall.
ArchitectureThe wall of Wat Mahathat Worawihan
Since the Royal Viharn of Wat Mahathat was built in the overlapped area that used to be the site of a Khmer castle in the 18th century B.E., the archaeological excavations shows the diagram of the overlaid Khmer castle is as follows: The diagram is square and at the center of the diagram appears a base of a principle prasat made of laterite surrounded by a curved outer wall. There are traces of the gopura only in the north and the south. It might be possible that the curved outer wall might have a gopura on each of the four directions and their positions corresponded with the positions of the gopuras of the inner wall made of laterite that is next to it. The east side shows a trace of a long path from the gopura of the curved outer wall connects to the gopura of the inner wall. On the inner wall adorns the Tap Lang (lintel) Kamphaeng which was made of red sandstone engraved a Buddha image sitting cross- legged in a meditating position; some lintels engraved a Buddha image while some engraved 2-4 Buddha images.The styles of the lintels are mixed between Khmer culture of the 18th century B.E, Ayutthaya and Rattanakosin periods. The art style of the lintel in Bayon is mostly similar. They are Buddha images sitting cross-legged in a meditating position. The hair is flat with no decorations. The radius is in a cone shape. The eyebrows are connected and the eyes are looking low. The outer rope is plain with no decorations nor stripes. The Buddha images are situated on the arched wall, decorated its upper edges with Ruay Rakha and the lower edges are decorated with Kanok or Tua Ngao patterns facing inward.Decorations in the inner wall with Buddha images appears in only a few places in Khmer Architecture in Thailand such as the Noen Khok Phra Archaeological Site, Pak Thong Chai District Nakhon Ratchasima province.
SculptureTap Lang ThalaBoriwat (ThalaBoriwat Lintels)
The lintel was damaged and was broken into two pieces. One of them was lost, another one was carved into an image of the Magara facing the curved circle. The front of the Magara’s mouth appears straight edges to tie with the curve. Inside the curve is plain with no decoration but the edges on the top and bottom of the curve are decorated with rosaries. Under the circle, a garland pattern and the pattern of the garland with triangular leaf pattern inside were carved; the middle bunch of the garland is the largest. The area where each side of the curve converges appears an image of Krut Yut Naga inside a coin-shaped circle. The Krut has a human face and only the face and the body of the Krut are exposed.
SculptureTap Lang ThalaBoriwat (ThalaBoriwat Lintels)
It is in a broken condition with some missing parts. The rest shows an image of a large Magara head spitting out one big arch. This arch circle is decorated with beads on both sides. At the center of the lintel here is an oval pattern or a pattern of a large coin with Krut Yut Naga inside. A coin-shaped circle has a spiral edge instead of a rosary pattern. A Krut or Garuda that is inside the coin-shaped circle has a face like a human face with a bun hairstyle wearing large round earrings. Its body is fat with the belt fasten and a cloth hanging from the front. Each hand of the Krut is holding back a one-head Naga. Both of the legs are mimicking legs of a bird on the edge of a coin-shaped circle. Beneath the curve which emerges from the mouth of the Magara and a coin-shaped circle, a garland pattern was carved; the middle bunch of the garland under the circle is larger than the others. This is an old garland pattern that is popularly used on early versions of ThalaBoriwat lintel.
ArchitecturePhra Chedi Klang Nam (middle of the water) Rayong
The brick and cement Chedi is painted in white and has a square circumambulatory with a wall. The wall is decorated with enameled insulators. There is a short wall supporting a bell-shaped element in a round plan. There is a lotus base, a series of three convex moldings, a lotus base with pointed mouldings, all of which are highly extended. Above this is the bell-shaped element, hamika, pillars, spire and finial. The surrounding area is covered with clayed tiles.
ArchitectureIsaraphap Chedi Chanthaburi
This brick and cement Chedi is painted in white has a circumambulatory with a wall in a square plan. The wall is decorated with Chinese-style-craved tiles. There is a short wall supporting a bell-shaped element in a round plan. There is a lotus base, a series of three convex moldings, a lotus base with pointed mouldings, all of which are highly extended. Above this is the bell-shaped element, hamika, pillars, spire and finial.
ArchitectureNeun Wong Camp
Noen Wong Camp was made from soil by digging a moat around a large mound and constructed a laterite wall with boundary stones and arsenal holes around. The gate was made of bricks. The original gate was a wooden building with tiles above the gate. Such evidence can still be partly seen from the gate of Neun Wong Camp called “Tonsai gate” in the north. The fort in front of the camp, which was later restored is made of concrete and is of an octagonal shape.
ArchitectureAlangkorn Chedi
This Chedi is made of laterite and has a circumambulatory with a wall in a square plan. There are stairs on all 4 sides supporting a bell-shaped element in a round plan. There is a lotus base, a series of three convex moldings, a lotus base with pointed mouldings, the bell-shaped element, hamika, pillars, spire and finial.
