Arts in Southeast Asia
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PaintingMural Paintings Depicting Ramayana
The mural paintings show a combination of traditional and modern painting techniques as follows: the traditional painting techniques are demonstrated through the main characters’ dresses are similar to those in the Masked dance drama, they are showing the same dance movements, and the characters’ adornments are gilded. The modern painting techniques include the use of horizon lines and perspective, imitation of real buildings such as palaces in the Grand Palace, and depiction of real landscapes. In addition, the paintings also show ways of life of people in the Thai Royal Court and ordinary Thai people and humor through the supporting characters. There are 178 painting panels in total; and each painting comes with verse of Ramayana poetry on the lower part of the panels, 224 verses in total.
SculptureAvalokitesvara Bodhisattva
The sculpture is in the damaged condition. Only the head and upper body in ‘Tribhanga’ posture (standing body position or stance used in the traditional Indian sculpture, art and Indian classical dance forms) are left. The lower part of body is lost.The face is plump and well-crafted. The eyelids are half closed. The Unalome is visible at the forehead while head wears the triangle crown with jewelries. The hair bun on the top of the head is broken and lost, only the hair that is down to the shoulders left. The body wears many accessories such as the leather body bracelet with the chamois head on the left shoulder. This body bracelet is overlapped by a pearl body bracelet. Two necklaces, the top one is of pearls and the lower one is jewelries with flowers decorated. The jewels bracelet is also visible. Overall, this sculpture reflects the relationship between the Network of Mahayana Buddhist Kingdoms such as Pala Dynasty of India and Shailendra Dynasty of Java. However, the study by Assoc Prof Chet Tingsanchali points out the traits of the sculpture that do not exist in Java Art which means this sculpture might be crafted in Thailand.
ArchitecturePhra Sri Rattanachedi
Phra Sri Rattanachedi is a bell-shaped stupa in circular plan. Its four niches which have doors leading to the inner chamber, where the relics are kept in the small golden stupa, have smaller bell-shaped stupa on the top. The stupa is on a set of pyramidal lotus-shaped pedestals with wires in round plan. Its Ballang is in square plan, surrounded by supporting pillars.
ArchitectureChedi Phukhao Thong
Chedi Phukhao Thong is a monumental architecture. It comprises a pyramidal ambulatory platform with a staircase projecting from the middle of all four sides and a 12-angle indented (recessed) body. The upper part of the chedi, which now tilted slightly, is composed of Buddha niches on four sides, triple rings moulding, anindented bell-shaped dome and a spire.
ArchitecturePhra Ubosot Wat Phra Sri Rattanasatsadaram
Phra Ubosot Wat Phra Sri Rattanasatsadaram is a traditional Thai brick-and-stucco architecture in rectangular plan with boundary and faces the east.The three-tiered wooden roof is decorated by blue roof tiles, with orange and yellow roof tiles at the edge line. The cornice is decorated with Chorfah, Bairaka, Naksadung and Hanghong. The floral-carved-wooden pediment is coated with gold lacquer and glass, whose centre displays Vishnu riding Garuda.The exterior wall is decorated with gold-lacquer-and-glass Phoom Khao Bindh pattern, while there are Garuda holding Naga sculptures around the pedestal. Three doorways can be found both in the front and the back, with three pairs of bronze lion figures at the front staircase. There are pillars in dodecagonal plan surrounding the ubosot in the veranda area. Its echinus is a lotus shape and brackets are supporting the eaves.
ArchitecturePrasat Phra Thep Bidorn
Prasat Phra Thep Bidorn is a four-portico building with Prang top. The front projecting portico is in the east. The wall is decorated by tiles in Phoom Khao Bindh pattern on blue background. The cornice is decorated with Chorfah, Bairaka, Naksadung and Hanghong. A prang is on the top of the building, which is made from plaster and decorated with coloured tiles. Its four pediments display the royal coats of arms. The northern portico’s pediment displays Unalom of King Rama I. The southern portico’s pediment displays Garuda holding Nagas of King Rama II. The western portico’s pediment displays Phra Viman of King Rama III and the eastern portico’s pediment displays Phra Makamongkut of King Rama IV. The windows and doorways has Mongkut tops which are coated with gold lacquer and glass, while the sided walls show the royal coats of arms of King Rama I – V.
SculptureYakṣas at the Temple of the Emerald Buddha
The 12 sculptures are made of stucco with colorful glazed porcelain adornments according to Rammakian including different types of crowns, blouses, costumes, pointed sandals, etc. Their bodies were also painted according to the literary work.6 pairs of Yakṣas are as follows: 1.Suriyaphop – Intharachit 2.Mangkonkan – Wirunhok 3.Thotsakhichanthon – Thotsakhiriwan 4.Chakrawat – Atsakanmarasun 5.Thotsakan - Sahatsadecha Maiyarap - Wirunchambang
ArchitecturePhra Ubosot Wat Benchamabophit Dusitwanaram
Phra ubosot is in projecting cross plan and faces the east The easterm portico is extended, while the duplicated Phra Phuttha Jinaraj is installed in the western wing. The northern and southern porticos are linked to the cloister that leads to the back of the building.The front edge of the boundary stand concrete pillars with lotus-bud-shaped echinus, which signify “Sema”, while the back of the ubosot shows through Dharmacakra Sema on a granite-carved floor tiles. The boundary floor uses pink and gray granite tiles, while the wall is a white marble.The eastern and western porticos have four marble pillars in circular plan. Beside the staircase of each side stand a pair of marble-carved lions, which Prince Naris designed and molded by Khun Sakolpradit, the royal artisan.The exterior door was embossed with Dvarapala, while the interior door was painted the same figure with golden lacquer. The windows use the same technic, however, with Mara Baek. The niches were decorated by stained glass.The roof was built in traditional Thai form with yellow corrugated tiles and Thepphanom at the eaves, which once were the roof tiles of Wat Kalayanamite that later had been coloured in China. The pediment of phra ubosot displays the important state coat of arms. The eastern portico’s pediment displays Vishnu riding Garuda which stands for Phra Krooth Pah emblem. The western portico’s pediment display Unalom in Bussabok which stands for Maha Unalom or Maha Ongkarn emblem. The northern portico’s pediment displays three-headed elephant carrying bussabok which stands for Aiyarapot emblem. The southern portico’s pediment displays Cakra which stands for Cakraroth or Dharmacakra emblem.
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Minaret of Masjid Kampong Kling
The Southeast Asian-styled mosques are different from Indian or Persian masjids. The mosque has a square plan with 4 pillars supporting the sloping roof with the wooden beam supporting the tile roof without any dome. Other interesting point is the minaret that has stacked body with the Chinese sloping roof at the top. The shape of the minaret is similar to Chinese pagoda. At the same time, the minaret is also look alike the Dargarh type tower in Nagapattinam in South India
Dutch Colonization Period
17th – 18th century
Architecture
SculptureThe Lord Buddha’s footprints
The pair of the Buddha footprints is craved on natural laterite. It is covered by a building. Each foot is curved according to outer line. The toes are not of the same length similar to natural feet. There is a pattern of the wheel of law in the middle of each footprint. Such a pattern conveys the meaning that the Lord Buddha is greater than his earth and universe.Between the two footprints, there is a deep hole. Some scholars believed that this was a hole for an umbrealla. It remains unclear as to what function the cross nook serves. Some scholars thought that it was there to support the umbrealla, while the others thought that it was similar to a crossing “Sawasdika” or a flag with two points
SculptureRock Carving depicting blessing scenes
The rectangular rock carving with shallow holes in the middle and on four sides. These holes are surrounded by lotus petals. These might be used to put fragrances during rituals. There are 2 elephants showering a woman on the top part of the carving. This is called “Kachalaksami” or “Abhiseksri” by some scholars. There are auspicious symbols at the bottom, some of which are high utilities. These include whip, thunder, fan, umbrella, snare, fish, couch shell and a pot and are carved as pairs
SculptureRock carving depicting Buddha images
This bas-relief carving depicts the Lord Buddha as the principle positioned at the far left of the group. The Lord Buddha is seated with dropping legs on a throne. The hands depict the attitude of giving the first sermon. On the right, there is a picture of person with one head and two arms. He is seated in a Lalitasana posture. It is believed that the person is Shiva as his left hands holds rosary. Next to this, there is another person, which can be Vishnu as he has four arms. The regular arms are crossed at his chest showing respect to the Lord Buddha. The other two arms hold discus and couch shell. On the right, there are pictures of 2 flying gods and one hermit.
SculptureVotive tablet
The Lord Buddha is seated in a meditation attitude on a throne. There is one person on each side. The person on the right might be a man and the person on the left might be a woman. At the top, there are five imaginary Lord Buddhas in different postures. There is a person paying respect to the Lord Buddha in the middle.
Sculpture Votive Tablet
This is an oval votive tablet. There is a Buddha image with dropping legs in the middle. The hands are depicted in the attitude of giving the first sermon. The Buddha image is in a building of Sikara surrounded by small stupas. There are lotuses supporting his feet on both sides. There are patterns, which can be a crouching deer.
SculptureCraved rock depicting a Buddha image
The Buddha image is seated in a meditation attitude. There is an umbrella covering his head. On the right, there is the wheel of law placed on a pillar. On the left, there is a round Chedi.
SculptureVotive Tablet
This votive tablet depicts the Lord Buddha life when he performed twin miracles to prevail the non-believers. The Lord Buddha is seated on a throne under the mango tree. There is a whip covering his head and on both sides. Next to this is a picture similar to stupa. Both sides are surrounded with a large number of people. These people might include humans and celestial humans. On the branches of the tree, there are 5 Lord Buddha in different postures. There are letters showing “Ye Dhamma” on the lowest part.
SculptureStuccos of Musicians
There are five women sitting in a row. They only wear “Panung” while the top part of their body is covered with a cloth hanging through their shoulders. The left woman was playing wooden rhythm clappers, the next woman was singing, the middle woman was playing 5-stringed lyre, the next woman was playing mall cup-shaped cymbals and the woman on the right was playing the lyre.
