Arts in Southeast Asia
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PaintingMural Paintings Depicting Ramayana
The mural paintings show a combination of traditional and modern painting techniques as follows: the traditional painting techniques are demonstrated through the main characters’ dresses are similar to those in the Masked dance drama, they are showing the same dance movements, and the characters’ adornments are gilded. The modern painting techniques include the use of horizon lines and perspective, imitation of real buildings such as palaces in the Grand Palace, and depiction of real landscapes. In addition, the paintings also show ways of life of people in the Thai Royal Court and ordinary Thai people and humor through the supporting characters. There are 178 painting panels in total; and each painting comes with verse of Ramayana poetry on the lower part of the panels, 224 verses in total.
SculptureAvalokitesvara Bodhisattva
The sculpture is in the damaged condition. Only the head and upper body in ‘Tribhanga’ posture (standing body position or stance used in the traditional Indian sculpture, art and Indian classical dance forms) are left. The lower part of body is lost.The face is plump and well-crafted. The eyelids are half closed. The Unalome is visible at the forehead while head wears the triangle crown with jewelries. The hair bun on the top of the head is broken and lost, only the hair that is down to the shoulders left. The body wears many accessories such as the leather body bracelet with the chamois head on the left shoulder. This body bracelet is overlapped by a pearl body bracelet. Two necklaces, the top one is of pearls and the lower one is jewelries with flowers decorated. The jewels bracelet is also visible. Overall, this sculpture reflects the relationship between the Network of Mahayana Buddhist Kingdoms such as Pala Dynasty of India and Shailendra Dynasty of Java. However, the study by Assoc Prof Chet Tingsanchali points out the traits of the sculpture that do not exist in Java Art which means this sculpture might be crafted in Thailand.
ArchitecturePhra Sri Rattanachedi
Phra Sri Rattanachedi is a bell-shaped stupa in circular plan. Its four niches which have doors leading to the inner chamber, where the relics are kept in the small golden stupa, have smaller bell-shaped stupa on the top. The stupa is on a set of pyramidal lotus-shaped pedestals with wires in round plan. Its Ballang is in square plan, surrounded by supporting pillars.
ArchitectureChedi Phukhao Thong
Chedi Phukhao Thong is a monumental architecture. It comprises a pyramidal ambulatory platform with a staircase projecting from the middle of all four sides and a 12-angle indented (recessed) body. The upper part of the chedi, which now tilted slightly, is composed of Buddha niches on four sides, triple rings moulding, anindented bell-shaped dome and a spire.
ArchitecturePhra Ubosot Wat Phra Sri Rattanasatsadaram
Phra Ubosot Wat Phra Sri Rattanasatsadaram is a traditional Thai brick-and-stucco architecture in rectangular plan with boundary and faces the east.The three-tiered wooden roof is decorated by blue roof tiles, with orange and yellow roof tiles at the edge line. The cornice is decorated with Chorfah, Bairaka, Naksadung and Hanghong. The floral-carved-wooden pediment is coated with gold lacquer and glass, whose centre displays Vishnu riding Garuda.The exterior wall is decorated with gold-lacquer-and-glass Phoom Khao Bindh pattern, while there are Garuda holding Naga sculptures around the pedestal. Three doorways can be found both in the front and the back, with three pairs of bronze lion figures at the front staircase. There are pillars in dodecagonal plan surrounding the ubosot in the veranda area. Its echinus is a lotus shape and brackets are supporting the eaves.
ArchitecturePrasat Phra Thep Bidorn
Prasat Phra Thep Bidorn is a four-portico building with Prang top. The front projecting portico is in the east. The wall is decorated by tiles in Phoom Khao Bindh pattern on blue background. The cornice is decorated with Chorfah, Bairaka, Naksadung and Hanghong. A prang is on the top of the building, which is made from plaster and decorated with coloured tiles. Its four pediments display the royal coats of arms. The northern portico’s pediment displays Unalom of King Rama I. The southern portico’s pediment displays Garuda holding Nagas of King Rama II. The western portico’s pediment displays Phra Viman of King Rama III and the eastern portico’s pediment displays Phra Makamongkut of King Rama IV. The windows and doorways has Mongkut tops which are coated with gold lacquer and glass, while the sided walls show the royal coats of arms of King Rama I – V.
SculptureYakṣas at the Temple of the Emerald Buddha
The 12 sculptures are made of stucco with colorful glazed porcelain adornments according to Rammakian including different types of crowns, blouses, costumes, pointed sandals, etc. Their bodies were also painted according to the literary work.6 pairs of Yakṣas are as follows: 1.Suriyaphop – Intharachit 2.Mangkonkan – Wirunhok 3.Thotsakhichanthon – Thotsakhiriwan 4.Chakrawat – Atsakanmarasun 5.Thotsakan - Sahatsadecha Maiyarap - Wirunchambang
ArchitecturePhra Ubosot Wat Benchamabophit Dusitwanaram
Phra ubosot is in projecting cross plan and faces the east The easterm portico is extended, while the duplicated Phra Phuttha Jinaraj is installed in the western wing. The northern and southern porticos are linked to the cloister that leads to the back of the building.The front edge of the boundary stand concrete pillars with lotus-bud-shaped echinus, which signify “Sema”, while the back of the ubosot shows through Dharmacakra Sema on a granite-carved floor tiles. The boundary floor uses pink and gray granite tiles, while the wall is a white marble.The eastern and western porticos have four marble pillars in circular plan. Beside the staircase of each side stand a pair of marble-carved lions, which Prince Naris designed and molded by Khun Sakolpradit, the royal artisan.The exterior door was embossed with Dvarapala, while the interior door was painted the same figure with golden lacquer. The windows use the same technic, however, with Mara Baek. The niches were decorated by stained glass.The roof was built in traditional Thai form with yellow corrugated tiles and Thepphanom at the eaves, which once were the roof tiles of Wat Kalayanamite that later had been coloured in China. The pediment of phra ubosot displays the important state coat of arms. The eastern portico’s pediment displays Vishnu riding Garuda which stands for Phra Krooth Pah emblem. The western portico’s pediment display Unalom in Bussabok which stands for Maha Unalom or Maha Ongkarn emblem. The northern portico’s pediment displays three-headed elephant carrying bussabok which stands for Aiyarapot emblem. The southern portico’s pediment displays Cakra which stands for Cakraroth or Dharmacakra emblem.
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Minaret of Masjid Kampong Kling
The Southeast Asian-styled mosques are different from Indian or Persian masjids. The mosque has a square plan with 4 pillars supporting the sloping roof with the wooden beam supporting the tile roof without any dome. Other interesting point is the minaret that has stacked body with the Chinese sloping roof at the top. The shape of the minaret is similar to Chinese pagoda. At the same time, the minaret is also look alike the Dargarh type tower in Nagapattinam in South India
Dutch Colonization Period
17th – 18th century
Architecture
SculptureHun Wang Na (The Crown Prince’s puppets)
The Puppets’ bodies were made of light weight soft texture wood. They were drilled to thread the strings for controlling. The head was also made out of similar wood and attached with strings, and the face is decorated with lacquer, paper Marché and painting.Male puppets usually wear a theatrical crown and tiara as coiffeur, while the costume and jewelry are similar to those of Khon, and likewise female puppets. The male puppets usually wear loose, straight legged, calf length trousers with deep embroidered hems under a draped brocade his wrappers that is padded at the sides, horizontally pleated in back and vertically pleated in front. The female puppets usually wear long, embroidered, upper-body garment that combines cape and shoulder cloth, over a simple base consisting of a snug bodice and wrap skirt. Furthermore, high social ranked female puppets such as princess or queen wear a theatrical crown. Yaksa queen or princess puppets wear a pointed tiara; whilst servant puppets wear a flame tiara.
PaintingThe twelve-month royal ceremonies mural painting
The mural painting depicting ‘Twelve-Month Royal Ceremonies’ was painted on the panel between each window. The remarkable mural painting was influenced by western art in terms of use of horizontal lines, perspectives, small portraits, and realistic landscape. The buildings in the painting imitate real buildings in the Grand Palace as well as the neighbourhood such as Rajaworadit pier, and some pavilions or throne halls which were already destroyed or ruined or disappeared. The mural painting also displays a group of soldiers wearing uniform adopted from western style, along with Thai and foreigner people dressing in fashionable clothes.
ArchitectureDemocracy Monument
1. The wings are 24 m. high, and this is also the radius of the base of the monument, marking the fact that the 1932 coup took place on the 24th of June. 2. The centre piece of the monument is a carved representation of a palm-leaf manuscript box holding the Thai Constitution of 1932 on top of two golden offering bowls above a round turret. The 3 m. height refers to month 3 in Thai culture ( June) when the first Coup d’Etat occurred in Thailand. 3 The central turret is 3 m. high, representing the month of June, which is the third lunar month. There were originally 75 small cannons around the outer ring of the monument, representing the year of the coup, 2475 B.E. 4. The bas-reliefs at the base of the monument are propagandistic in their design. They depict the armed forces both as champions of democracy and as the personification of the Thai people. 5. Six swords that are surrounding the monument refer to the Six Rules of People’s Party6. Fountains in the form of naga face outwards at the base of the 4 wings. The naga or serpent refers to the serpent year in which regime change occurred.
ArchitectureRoyal Tombs of Wat Rajabophit Sathitmahasimaram
1.Sunantanusaowari is an open building with a roof topped with a bell-shaped Chedi finial, decorated with golden mosaics. It is the tomb of Sunantan Kumarirattana, Queen Consort of King Rama V and Princess Karnaponpetcharatna Sopangkatassaneeyaluk.2.Rangsiwattana is a four-porched building with connecting annexes to the north and south porches. The central building are topped with a bell-shaped Chedi roof finial which is decorated with golden mosaics; while the north and south porches have bell shaped Chedi roof finials painted white. It is the tomb of Srisawarintra, Queen Consort of King Rama V and her royal house.3.Saowapapraditsathan is similar to Rangsiwattana, that is, it is a four-porched building with connecting annexes to the north and south porches. The central building has a bell-shaped Chedi roof decorated with golden mosaics; while the north and south porches have bell shaped Chedi roof finials painted white. It is the tomb of Sripatcharintra, Queen Consort of King Rama V and her royal house. 4. Sukhumalnaruemit is a building which has roof finial as a bell-shaped Chedi decorated with golden mosaics. It is the tomb of Sukhumalmarasi, Queen Consort of King Rama V, Prince Poripatra Sukhumpan, Samlee Boonnak, a concubine of King Rama V and Boriphat Royal house
ArchitectureUbosot Wat Ratbophit Sathitmahasimaram
The interior of Ubosot represents the combination of Thai traditional art and western art. Walls and ceilings are decorated with golden floral-foliage motifs, as well as between each window which represents the Unalom sign and the alphabet จ. which is the first letter of the name of King Rama V.The interior central door pediment represents the Emblem of Thailand in the reign of King Rama V which comprises the Royal Regalia, the Emblem of the Royal House of Chakri, Erawan elephant, a white elephant, a Kris, Knight Grand Cordon (Special Class) of the Most Illustrious Order of Chula Chom Klao, seven-tiered umbrella flanked by a lion and a Gajasimha. The upper wall was painted in narrative scenes designed by Prince Prawit Chumsai, a significant artist and craftsman in the reign of King Rama V. In the middle of Ubosot, there is the main Buddha Image in meditation seated in cross-legged position on an Italian marble pedestal. The image is made of bronze and gold. The gold used was once the King Rama V’s ornament since his childhood. Over the Buddha Image, there is a Royal Nine-tiered white umbrella which was once used in the Royal funeral of King Rama V. Beneath the marble pedestal, relics of King Rama II, King Rama III, King Rama IV, King Rama V and King Rama VII were kept.
SculptureLacquered with Mother of Pearl inlaid panels depicting first class Royal Decorations
The Mother of Pearl inlaid panels concist of 5 Royal Decorations as follows: 1.the Ancient and Auspicious Order of the Nine Gems, 2.the Most Illustrious Order of the Royal House of Chakri, 3.Knight Grand Cordon (Special Class) of the Most Illustrious Order of Chula Chom Klao, 4.Knight Grand Cross (First Class) of the Most Exalted Order of the White Elephant, and 5.Knight Grand Cross (First Class) of the Most Noble Order of the Crown of Thailand. Made of small shards of pearl, each of these motifs is surrounded by a shoulder strap and a chain depicting the initial of the King Rama 9’s name, namely จ.ป.ร. and the Emblem of the Royal House of Chakri. These motifs represent the high-ranked Royal Decorations.
ArchitectureWat Ratbophit Sathitmahasimaram
The Ubosot is in Thai traditional style. The masonry building has wooden roof with ceramics tiles. The wall is furnished with five-colored glazed porcelain tiles and deity motifs. The roof structure was built from wood and roofing with ceramics tile and decorated with Thai traditional ornament. The main pediment illustrates a seven headed elephant carrying a pedestal tray with a coronet flanked by tiered-umbrellas held by a lion and a Gajasimha (half elephant and lion). The second pediment depicts Narayana on GarudaGlided and stucco door and window pediments are in a traditional Thai roof form with decoration. The interior door panels are adorned with lacquer and glided lotus bud or Phum Khao Bin motifs; while the exterior of each door panel illustrates five different first class Royal Decorations, namely the Ancient and Auspicious Order of the Nine Gems, the Most Illustrious Order of the Royal House of Chakri, Knight Grand Cordon (Special Class) of the Most Illustrious Order of Chula Chom Klao, Knight Grand Cross (First Class) of the Most Exalted Order of the White Elephant, and Knight Grand Cross (First Class) of the Most Noble Order of the Crown of Thailand. The interior of the Ubosot was decorated in Neo-Gothic style of the western art, and the Ubosot also enshrines the principal Buddha Image named Phra Phuttha Angkhirot.The bell-shaped Chedi with round ground plan features a bell-shaped Gharbhaya supported by a multi-tiered flower garland moulding with a five-coloured-glazed porcelain decoration similar to that of the Ubosot’s interior wall. The Chedi is in a galleried-enclosure with a colored-glazed porcelain tiled roof. Round pillars supporting the gallery are made of marble and come with lotus capitals. The Vihāra is a traditional Thai building which is similar to the Ubosot but has some different features, that is, the Vihāra is smaller than the Ubosot. Its wooden window and door panels are not pearl-inlaid, but they are carved in Royal Decoration patterns, lacquered, gilded and painted.
ArchitectureMonument of King Rama I
The statue of King Rama I is seated on a throne, and his face turns towards Triphet road. The King dons Thai Royal attire with the Royal Regalia, and a hat. His hands are holding a sword lying on his lap. A marble wall was at the backside with a faux door. Behind the statue, 2 columns bear a pediment adorned with garlands, and an Unalom sign is carved above. The wall behind bears an inscription telling the foundation of the monument. The wall was later elevated. The floral and ornament offering pedestal trays, flanked by 2 fountains, stand in front of the statue. A low concrete fence with rounded columns and some Thai patterns is located in front of the statue. There is also a bas-relief crafted in Privy Seal of the Chakri Dynasty, flanked by 2 elephants.
