Arts in Southeast Asia
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PaintingMural Paintings Depicting Ramayana
The mural paintings show a combination of traditional and modern painting techniques as follows: the traditional painting techniques are demonstrated through the main characters’ dresses are similar to those in the Masked dance drama, they are showing the same dance movements, and the characters’ adornments are gilded. The modern painting techniques include the use of horizon lines and perspective, imitation of real buildings such as palaces in the Grand Palace, and depiction of real landscapes. In addition, the paintings also show ways of life of people in the Thai Royal Court and ordinary Thai people and humor through the supporting characters. There are 178 painting panels in total; and each painting comes with verse of Ramayana poetry on the lower part of the panels, 224 verses in total.
SculptureAvalokitesvara Bodhisattva
The sculpture is in the damaged condition. Only the head and upper body in ‘Tribhanga’ posture (standing body position or stance used in the traditional Indian sculpture, art and Indian classical dance forms) are left. The lower part of body is lost.The face is plump and well-crafted. The eyelids are half closed. The Unalome is visible at the forehead while head wears the triangle crown with jewelries. The hair bun on the top of the head is broken and lost, only the hair that is down to the shoulders left. The body wears many accessories such as the leather body bracelet with the chamois head on the left shoulder. This body bracelet is overlapped by a pearl body bracelet. Two necklaces, the top one is of pearls and the lower one is jewelries with flowers decorated. The jewels bracelet is also visible. Overall, this sculpture reflects the relationship between the Network of Mahayana Buddhist Kingdoms such as Pala Dynasty of India and Shailendra Dynasty of Java. However, the study by Assoc Prof Chet Tingsanchali points out the traits of the sculpture that do not exist in Java Art which means this sculpture might be crafted in Thailand.
ArchitecturePhra Sri Rattanachedi
Phra Sri Rattanachedi is a bell-shaped stupa in circular plan. Its four niches which have doors leading to the inner chamber, where the relics are kept in the small golden stupa, have smaller bell-shaped stupa on the top. The stupa is on a set of pyramidal lotus-shaped pedestals with wires in round plan. Its Ballang is in square plan, surrounded by supporting pillars.
ArchitectureChedi Phukhao Thong
Chedi Phukhao Thong is a monumental architecture. It comprises a pyramidal ambulatory platform with a staircase projecting from the middle of all four sides and a 12-angle indented (recessed) body. The upper part of the chedi, which now tilted slightly, is composed of Buddha niches on four sides, triple rings moulding, anindented bell-shaped dome and a spire.
ArchitecturePhra Ubosot Wat Phra Sri Rattanasatsadaram
Phra Ubosot Wat Phra Sri Rattanasatsadaram is a traditional Thai brick-and-stucco architecture in rectangular plan with boundary and faces the east.The three-tiered wooden roof is decorated by blue roof tiles, with orange and yellow roof tiles at the edge line. The cornice is decorated with Chorfah, Bairaka, Naksadung and Hanghong. The floral-carved-wooden pediment is coated with gold lacquer and glass, whose centre displays Vishnu riding Garuda.The exterior wall is decorated with gold-lacquer-and-glass Phoom Khao Bindh pattern, while there are Garuda holding Naga sculptures around the pedestal. Three doorways can be found both in the front and the back, with three pairs of bronze lion figures at the front staircase. There are pillars in dodecagonal plan surrounding the ubosot in the veranda area. Its echinus is a lotus shape and brackets are supporting the eaves.
ArchitecturePrasat Phra Thep Bidorn
Prasat Phra Thep Bidorn is a four-portico building with Prang top. The front projecting portico is in the east. The wall is decorated by tiles in Phoom Khao Bindh pattern on blue background. The cornice is decorated with Chorfah, Bairaka, Naksadung and Hanghong. A prang is on the top of the building, which is made from plaster and decorated with coloured tiles. Its four pediments display the royal coats of arms. The northern portico’s pediment displays Unalom of King Rama I. The southern portico’s pediment displays Garuda holding Nagas of King Rama II. The western portico’s pediment displays Phra Viman of King Rama III and the eastern portico’s pediment displays Phra Makamongkut of King Rama IV. The windows and doorways has Mongkut tops which are coated with gold lacquer and glass, while the sided walls show the royal coats of arms of King Rama I – V.
SculptureYakṣas at the Temple of the Emerald Buddha
The 12 sculptures are made of stucco with colorful glazed porcelain adornments according to Rammakian including different types of crowns, blouses, costumes, pointed sandals, etc. Their bodies were also painted according to the literary work.6 pairs of Yakṣas are as follows: 1.Suriyaphop – Intharachit 2.Mangkonkan – Wirunhok 3.Thotsakhichanthon – Thotsakhiriwan 4.Chakrawat – Atsakanmarasun 5.Thotsakan - Sahatsadecha Maiyarap - Wirunchambang
ArchitecturePhra Ubosot Wat Benchamabophit Dusitwanaram
Phra ubosot is in projecting cross plan and faces the east The easterm portico is extended, while the duplicated Phra Phuttha Jinaraj is installed in the western wing. The northern and southern porticos are linked to the cloister that leads to the back of the building.The front edge of the boundary stand concrete pillars with lotus-bud-shaped echinus, which signify “Sema”, while the back of the ubosot shows through Dharmacakra Sema on a granite-carved floor tiles. The boundary floor uses pink and gray granite tiles, while the wall is a white marble.The eastern and western porticos have four marble pillars in circular plan. Beside the staircase of each side stand a pair of marble-carved lions, which Prince Naris designed and molded by Khun Sakolpradit, the royal artisan.The exterior door was embossed with Dvarapala, while the interior door was painted the same figure with golden lacquer. The windows use the same technic, however, with Mara Baek. The niches were decorated by stained glass.The roof was built in traditional Thai form with yellow corrugated tiles and Thepphanom at the eaves, which once were the roof tiles of Wat Kalayanamite that later had been coloured in China. The pediment of phra ubosot displays the important state coat of arms. The eastern portico’s pediment displays Vishnu riding Garuda which stands for Phra Krooth Pah emblem. The western portico’s pediment display Unalom in Bussabok which stands for Maha Unalom or Maha Ongkarn emblem. The northern portico’s pediment displays three-headed elephant carrying bussabok which stands for Aiyarapot emblem. The southern portico’s pediment displays Cakra which stands for Cakraroth or Dharmacakra emblem.
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Minaret of Masjid Kampong Kling
The Southeast Asian-styled mosques are different from Indian or Persian masjids. The mosque has a square plan with 4 pillars supporting the sloping roof with the wooden beam supporting the tile roof without any dome. Other interesting point is the minaret that has stacked body with the Chinese sloping roof at the top. The shape of the minaret is similar to Chinese pagoda. At the same time, the minaret is also look alike the Dargarh type tower in Nagapattinam in South India
Dutch Colonization Period
17th – 18th century
Architecture
ArchitectureMeru at Pura Ulun Danu
Pura Ulun Danu, located at Lake Bratan, was constructed by Mengwi dynasty in 1624 A.D. This is one of the most magnificent Balinese temples as the Meru tower is sent in the middle of the lake.
ArchitectureStepped bases at Pura Kehen
Balinese temple complex is dividable into 3 courtyards. The outer courtyard locates at the foot of the hill, symbolizing the netherworld. The middle courtyard symbolizes the human world and the innermost one the heaven, the abode of gods. Every courtyard is divided by the steps decorated with series of sculptures. The gateway punctuating the step symbolizes the door of each cosmic step.
ArchitectureGateway (Gopura) at Pura Kehen
Gopura is the gateway with Prāsāda superstructure which divides spaces in the temple complex, symbolizing the division of hierarchical steps of the cosmos. This door is iconographically conceived as the door preventing the evil to enter to the temple. Architecturally, Balinese gateway is divided into 3 portions, the central door and the side portions. Sometime, the side portions provide doors, hence triple doors. The ferocious Kāla face with threaten gestures, symbolising the prevention of evil, located above the door is typical to Eastern Javanese and Balinese art. Although the superstructure follows the south Indian architectural articulation, the sculpture of several weird animals and the Chinese-style-liked motif are incorporated to the spire.
ArchitectureSplit Gateway at Pura Kehen
The split gateway, known as Candi Bentar, is typical to Balinese art. The gateway comprises the body and the superstructure, all of these members are split into two sides. Candi Bentar functions as the gateway as well as the gate for preventing the evil to enter the temple.
ArchitectureMeru at Pura Taman Ayun
Pura Taman Ayun is the most famous temple for the rows of Meru towers. The height s of these towers are different and these tower are beautifully arranged in the order from the highest to the lowest spire, providing the most spectacular view of Balinese architectural landscape. These towers are dedicated to several mountains in Bali, including Gunung Batur, Gunung Batukau and Gunung Agung. The superimposing tiers of the Meru roof symbolize not only the high-ranking status of the pavilion but also the mountain.
ArchitecturePura Sada
Pura Sada was the former dynastic temple before the shifting to the new royal temple of Pura Taman Ayun in 1740. Interestingly, there are a number of unoccupied thrones in the temple precinct. Some scholars believe that these thrones symbolize the number of the persons who were in the boat during the funeral ceremony. This testifies that the temple was associated to the dead and the funeral cerwemony.
ArchitectureMeru at Pura Besakih
Meru is the name for the square tower with series of sloping thatched roofs, symbolizing the tower for the high-rankings. This kind of tower, therefore, is normally assigned for the significant gods. Meru normally locates inside the innermost courtyard of the temple. The thatched roof is normally perishable and always re-thatched, different form the brick-or-stone gateway which is quite permanent.
ArchitectureMeru at Pura Kehen
Meru is the name for the square tower with series of sloping thatched roofs, symbolizing the tower for the high-rankings. This kind of tower, therefore, is normally assigned for the significant gods. Meru normally locates inside the innermost courtyard of the temple. The thatched roof is normally perishable and always re-thatched, different form the brick-or-stone gateway which is quite permanent. At Pura Kehen, the Meru tower is supported on the back of the tortoise, the animal which was believed by the Hindus as the supporter of the cosmos’ centre.
