Arts in Southeast Asia
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PaintingMural Paintings Depicting Ramayana
The mural paintings show a combination of traditional and modern painting techniques as follows: the traditional painting techniques are demonstrated through the main characters’ dresses are similar to those in the Masked dance drama, they are showing the same dance movements, and the characters’ adornments are gilded. The modern painting techniques include the use of horizon lines and perspective, imitation of real buildings such as palaces in the Grand Palace, and depiction of real landscapes. In addition, the paintings also show ways of life of people in the Thai Royal Court and ordinary Thai people and humor through the supporting characters. There are 178 painting panels in total; and each painting comes with verse of Ramayana poetry on the lower part of the panels, 224 verses in total.
SculptureAvalokitesvara Bodhisattva
The sculpture is in the damaged condition. Only the head and upper body in ‘Tribhanga’ posture (standing body position or stance used in the traditional Indian sculpture, art and Indian classical dance forms) are left. The lower part of body is lost.The face is plump and well-crafted. The eyelids are half closed. The Unalome is visible at the forehead while head wears the triangle crown with jewelries. The hair bun on the top of the head is broken and lost, only the hair that is down to the shoulders left. The body wears many accessories such as the leather body bracelet with the chamois head on the left shoulder. This body bracelet is overlapped by a pearl body bracelet. Two necklaces, the top one is of pearls and the lower one is jewelries with flowers decorated. The jewels bracelet is also visible. Overall, this sculpture reflects the relationship between the Network of Mahayana Buddhist Kingdoms such as Pala Dynasty of India and Shailendra Dynasty of Java. However, the study by Assoc Prof Chet Tingsanchali points out the traits of the sculpture that do not exist in Java Art which means this sculpture might be crafted in Thailand.
ArchitecturePhra Sri Rattanachedi
Phra Sri Rattanachedi is a bell-shaped stupa in circular plan. Its four niches which have doors leading to the inner chamber, where the relics are kept in the small golden stupa, have smaller bell-shaped stupa on the top. The stupa is on a set of pyramidal lotus-shaped pedestals with wires in round plan. Its Ballang is in square plan, surrounded by supporting pillars.
ArchitectureChedi Phukhao Thong
Chedi Phukhao Thong is a monumental architecture. It comprises a pyramidal ambulatory platform with a staircase projecting from the middle of all four sides and a 12-angle indented (recessed) body. The upper part of the chedi, which now tilted slightly, is composed of Buddha niches on four sides, triple rings moulding, anindented bell-shaped dome and a spire.
ArchitecturePhra Ubosot Wat Phra Sri Rattanasatsadaram
Phra Ubosot Wat Phra Sri Rattanasatsadaram is a traditional Thai brick-and-stucco architecture in rectangular plan with boundary and faces the east.The three-tiered wooden roof is decorated by blue roof tiles, with orange and yellow roof tiles at the edge line. The cornice is decorated with Chorfah, Bairaka, Naksadung and Hanghong. The floral-carved-wooden pediment is coated with gold lacquer and glass, whose centre displays Vishnu riding Garuda.The exterior wall is decorated with gold-lacquer-and-glass Phoom Khao Bindh pattern, while there are Garuda holding Naga sculptures around the pedestal. Three doorways can be found both in the front and the back, with three pairs of bronze lion figures at the front staircase. There are pillars in dodecagonal plan surrounding the ubosot in the veranda area. Its echinus is a lotus shape and brackets are supporting the eaves.
ArchitecturePrasat Phra Thep Bidorn
Prasat Phra Thep Bidorn is a four-portico building with Prang top. The front projecting portico is in the east. The wall is decorated by tiles in Phoom Khao Bindh pattern on blue background. The cornice is decorated with Chorfah, Bairaka, Naksadung and Hanghong. A prang is on the top of the building, which is made from plaster and decorated with coloured tiles. Its four pediments display the royal coats of arms. The northern portico’s pediment displays Unalom of King Rama I. The southern portico’s pediment displays Garuda holding Nagas of King Rama II. The western portico’s pediment displays Phra Viman of King Rama III and the eastern portico’s pediment displays Phra Makamongkut of King Rama IV. The windows and doorways has Mongkut tops which are coated with gold lacquer and glass, while the sided walls show the royal coats of arms of King Rama I – V.
SculptureYakṣas at the Temple of the Emerald Buddha
The 12 sculptures are made of stucco with colorful glazed porcelain adornments according to Rammakian including different types of crowns, blouses, costumes, pointed sandals, etc. Their bodies were also painted according to the literary work.6 pairs of Yakṣas are as follows: 1.Suriyaphop – Intharachit 2.Mangkonkan – Wirunhok 3.Thotsakhichanthon – Thotsakhiriwan 4.Chakrawat – Atsakanmarasun 5.Thotsakan - Sahatsadecha Maiyarap - Wirunchambang
ArchitecturePhra Ubosot Wat Benchamabophit Dusitwanaram
Phra ubosot is in projecting cross plan and faces the east The easterm portico is extended, while the duplicated Phra Phuttha Jinaraj is installed in the western wing. The northern and southern porticos are linked to the cloister that leads to the back of the building.The front edge of the boundary stand concrete pillars with lotus-bud-shaped echinus, which signify “Sema”, while the back of the ubosot shows through Dharmacakra Sema on a granite-carved floor tiles. The boundary floor uses pink and gray granite tiles, while the wall is a white marble.The eastern and western porticos have four marble pillars in circular plan. Beside the staircase of each side stand a pair of marble-carved lions, which Prince Naris designed and molded by Khun Sakolpradit, the royal artisan.The exterior door was embossed with Dvarapala, while the interior door was painted the same figure with golden lacquer. The windows use the same technic, however, with Mara Baek. The niches were decorated by stained glass.The roof was built in traditional Thai form with yellow corrugated tiles and Thepphanom at the eaves, which once were the roof tiles of Wat Kalayanamite that later had been coloured in China. The pediment of phra ubosot displays the important state coat of arms. The eastern portico’s pediment displays Vishnu riding Garuda which stands for Phra Krooth Pah emblem. The western portico’s pediment display Unalom in Bussabok which stands for Maha Unalom or Maha Ongkarn emblem. The northern portico’s pediment displays three-headed elephant carrying bussabok which stands for Aiyarapot emblem. The southern portico’s pediment displays Cakra which stands for Cakraroth or Dharmacakra emblem.
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Minaret of Masjid Kampong Kling
The Southeast Asian-styled mosques are different from Indian or Persian masjids. The mosque has a square plan with 4 pillars supporting the sloping roof with the wooden beam supporting the tile roof without any dome. Other interesting point is the minaret that has stacked body with the Chinese sloping roof at the top. The shape of the minaret is similar to Chinese pagoda. At the same time, the minaret is also look alike the Dargarh type tower in Nagapattinam in South India
Dutch Colonization Period
17th – 18th century
Architecture
SculptureThe sculpture of Romance of the Three Kingdom
It is the stone sculpture in rectangular frame portraying parts of the story of the Romance of Three Kingdoms. The engraving shows the pictures of people wearing Chinese clothes. The scenery consists of trees, sky, vehicles, and animals which all these are the Chinese carving style.
SculpturePhra Si Ariya Mettrai
It is the Buddha image in royal attire. The robe is worn across the shoulder. The image is seated with the Siddhasana legs crossed which the right foot is placed above the left foot in the attitude of mediation. The face is quite round. The eyebrows are arched. The area between the eyelids line and the eyebrows is the sheets of eyelids. The eyes are quite small glancing low and not widely opened. The lips are small and also the hair coils. The body is slim. These are the Buddha image features in King Rama III period which could be compared to the Buddha image in royal attire during the same period of time in Wat Nang Nong.
SculptureThe four Buddhas
All four Buddha images have the same features which they are seated in the attitude of meditation on lotus lion-footed pedestal; the pattern of the upturned lotus is called Bua Wang (long sword-liked lotus petal motif); there are Pah Tip (the fabric hanging on the front of a Buddha image base) in front; the faces are quite round; the eyebrows are arched; the area between the eyelids line and the eyebrows is the sheets of eyelids; the eyes are quite deep set, slightly open and glancing low; the lips are small; the hair coils are also small; there is the flame halo overhead and the body is slim. These are the features of the Buddha image in King Rama III period.
SculpturePhra Phuttha Trai Rattana Nayok
Phra Phuttha Trai Rattana Nayok has specific styles of the Buddha image made in King Rama III period which the body is quite slim; the face is likely round-oval; the hair coils are small; the head has the flame halo; the eyebrows are arched; the area between the eyelids line and the eyebrows is the sheets of eyelids, similar to the Buddha image in the late Ayutthaya; the eyes are open and starring straight; the nose is quite small and prominent; the mouth is small and the lip line is a little bit curved nearly straight like Ruea Pratun (a boat with a roof cover); The face is like a figure; the image is seated in the attitude of subduing mara; the fingertips are slender and even in length; and the outer robe is big and placed upon the middle of the body.
SculpturePhra Puttha Panya Akka
The Buddha image is standing on the lotus lion-footed pedestal which there is the inscription of King Chulalongkorn’s royal initiative about building the Buddha image. The image is performing Pang Pratan Apai on both hands or it is called the attitude of stopping the rainstorm. Four fingertips are all even in length. The image wears the robe covering both shoulders but separated on the chest, the same style as the monks of Ramana Nikaya. The robe is wavy folded naturally worn over Sabong which also can be detected from the streak underneath. The wavy folded style of robes represents the realistic concept. The face looks young and calm like a real person. The ears are shrunken but other features of the Buddha are still the same such as the small tightly hair coils with the flame halo. It is decorated with perforated 5-tiered golden Chatra over the head.
PaintingThe paintings of 550 Jataka tales
Ubosot walls are divided into equal sized squares decorated by Kranok pattern frames. Each square is painted a different tale and there is a message written on the bottom of painting. Each story is represented through an important event in each life. Pictures of significant people, for examples, Bodhisattva, angels, and a king with gilded attire, all act according to Natyalakshana (the characteristics of dance art that classify each character). The buildings styles are traditional Thai style and Chinese style. The houses are in modern style of that time.
SculpturePhra Sihing Patimakorn Buddha
The Buddha images are sitting on a lion base in meditation attitude. On top of the base are stacked lotuses. The face is quite round with small hair curl, and flame-like halo. The image wears a slanting rope in the length of the stomach.
PaintingThe Painting of Sri Thanonchai’s story
The Painting of Sri Thanonchai’s story is located between the windows of the vihara of Wat Pathum Wanaram. The painting style and the drawing techniques are the same as the other four paintings in the reign of King Rama IV; The principles of visualization show distance and dimension of images are applied. Some famous architectures of that time are, for example, the painting of the palace that simulated some buildings from the Grand Palace, the painting of the temple that simulated Wat Pathum Wanaram, the painting of people dressed as real people such as soldiers who wore uniform which was influenced from the west, the painting of the villagers dressed in Thai and Laos style, the painting of the nature such as the river with the boat and the sky with clouds.
