Arts in Southeast Asia
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PaintingMural Paintings Depicting Ramayana
The mural paintings show a combination of traditional and modern painting techniques as follows: the traditional painting techniques are demonstrated through the main characters’ dresses are similar to those in the Masked dance drama, they are showing the same dance movements, and the characters’ adornments are gilded. The modern painting techniques include the use of horizon lines and perspective, imitation of real buildings such as palaces in the Grand Palace, and depiction of real landscapes. In addition, the paintings also show ways of life of people in the Thai Royal Court and ordinary Thai people and humor through the supporting characters. There are 178 painting panels in total; and each painting comes with verse of Ramayana poetry on the lower part of the panels, 224 verses in total.
SculptureAvalokitesvara Bodhisattva
The sculpture is in the damaged condition. Only the head and upper body in ‘Tribhanga’ posture (standing body position or stance used in the traditional Indian sculpture, art and Indian classical dance forms) are left. The lower part of body is lost.The face is plump and well-crafted. The eyelids are half closed. The Unalome is visible at the forehead while head wears the triangle crown with jewelries. The hair bun on the top of the head is broken and lost, only the hair that is down to the shoulders left. The body wears many accessories such as the leather body bracelet with the chamois head on the left shoulder. This body bracelet is overlapped by a pearl body bracelet. Two necklaces, the top one is of pearls and the lower one is jewelries with flowers decorated. The jewels bracelet is also visible. Overall, this sculpture reflects the relationship between the Network of Mahayana Buddhist Kingdoms such as Pala Dynasty of India and Shailendra Dynasty of Java. However, the study by Assoc Prof Chet Tingsanchali points out the traits of the sculpture that do not exist in Java Art which means this sculpture might be crafted in Thailand.
ArchitecturePhra Sri Rattanachedi
Phra Sri Rattanachedi is a bell-shaped stupa in circular plan. Its four niches which have doors leading to the inner chamber, where the relics are kept in the small golden stupa, have smaller bell-shaped stupa on the top. The stupa is on a set of pyramidal lotus-shaped pedestals with wires in round plan. Its Ballang is in square plan, surrounded by supporting pillars.
ArchitectureChedi Phukhao Thong
Chedi Phukhao Thong is a monumental architecture. It comprises a pyramidal ambulatory platform with a staircase projecting from the middle of all four sides and a 12-angle indented (recessed) body. The upper part of the chedi, which now tilted slightly, is composed of Buddha niches on four sides, triple rings moulding, anindented bell-shaped dome and a spire.
ArchitecturePhra Ubosot Wat Phra Sri Rattanasatsadaram
Phra Ubosot Wat Phra Sri Rattanasatsadaram is a traditional Thai brick-and-stucco architecture in rectangular plan with boundary and faces the east.The three-tiered wooden roof is decorated by blue roof tiles, with orange and yellow roof tiles at the edge line. The cornice is decorated with Chorfah, Bairaka, Naksadung and Hanghong. The floral-carved-wooden pediment is coated with gold lacquer and glass, whose centre displays Vishnu riding Garuda.The exterior wall is decorated with gold-lacquer-and-glass Phoom Khao Bindh pattern, while there are Garuda holding Naga sculptures around the pedestal. Three doorways can be found both in the front and the back, with three pairs of bronze lion figures at the front staircase. There are pillars in dodecagonal plan surrounding the ubosot in the veranda area. Its echinus is a lotus shape and brackets are supporting the eaves.
ArchitecturePrasat Phra Thep Bidorn
Prasat Phra Thep Bidorn is a four-portico building with Prang top. The front projecting portico is in the east. The wall is decorated by tiles in Phoom Khao Bindh pattern on blue background. The cornice is decorated with Chorfah, Bairaka, Naksadung and Hanghong. A prang is on the top of the building, which is made from plaster and decorated with coloured tiles. Its four pediments display the royal coats of arms. The northern portico’s pediment displays Unalom of King Rama I. The southern portico’s pediment displays Garuda holding Nagas of King Rama II. The western portico’s pediment displays Phra Viman of King Rama III and the eastern portico’s pediment displays Phra Makamongkut of King Rama IV. The windows and doorways has Mongkut tops which are coated with gold lacquer and glass, while the sided walls show the royal coats of arms of King Rama I – V.
SculptureYakṣas at the Temple of the Emerald Buddha
The 12 sculptures are made of stucco with colorful glazed porcelain adornments according to Rammakian including different types of crowns, blouses, costumes, pointed sandals, etc. Their bodies were also painted according to the literary work.6 pairs of Yakṣas are as follows: 1.Suriyaphop – Intharachit 2.Mangkonkan – Wirunhok 3.Thotsakhichanthon – Thotsakhiriwan 4.Chakrawat – Atsakanmarasun 5.Thotsakan - Sahatsadecha Maiyarap - Wirunchambang
ArchitecturePhra Ubosot Wat Benchamabophit Dusitwanaram
Phra ubosot is in projecting cross plan and faces the east The easterm portico is extended, while the duplicated Phra Phuttha Jinaraj is installed in the western wing. The northern and southern porticos are linked to the cloister that leads to the back of the building.The front edge of the boundary stand concrete pillars with lotus-bud-shaped echinus, which signify “Sema”, while the back of the ubosot shows through Dharmacakra Sema on a granite-carved floor tiles. The boundary floor uses pink and gray granite tiles, while the wall is a white marble.The eastern and western porticos have four marble pillars in circular plan. Beside the staircase of each side stand a pair of marble-carved lions, which Prince Naris designed and molded by Khun Sakolpradit, the royal artisan.The exterior door was embossed with Dvarapala, while the interior door was painted the same figure with golden lacquer. The windows use the same technic, however, with Mara Baek. The niches were decorated by stained glass.The roof was built in traditional Thai form with yellow corrugated tiles and Thepphanom at the eaves, which once were the roof tiles of Wat Kalayanamite that later had been coloured in China. The pediment of phra ubosot displays the important state coat of arms. The eastern portico’s pediment displays Vishnu riding Garuda which stands for Phra Krooth Pah emblem. The western portico’s pediment display Unalom in Bussabok which stands for Maha Unalom or Maha Ongkarn emblem. The northern portico’s pediment displays three-headed elephant carrying bussabok which stands for Aiyarapot emblem. The southern portico’s pediment displays Cakra which stands for Cakraroth or Dharmacakra emblem.
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Minaret of Masjid Kampong Kling
The Southeast Asian-styled mosques are different from Indian or Persian masjids. The mosque has a square plan with 4 pillars supporting the sloping roof with the wooden beam supporting the tile roof without any dome. Other interesting point is the minaret that has stacked body with the Chinese sloping roof at the top. The shape of the minaret is similar to Chinese pagoda. At the same time, the minaret is also look alike the Dargarh type tower in Nagapattinam in South India
Dutch Colonization Period
17th – 18th century
Architecture
ArchitecturePhra Thinang Viharn Somdej
The ruins of Phra Thinang Viharn Somdej features only its brick platform. The building which formerly stood in the middle of the platform is oriented toward the east. Deep porticoes protrude from the eastern and western sides whereas at the north and the south were attached to a smaller portico.
ArchitecturePhra Thinang Chakkrawat Phaichayon
Only the base of the throne hall remains which was built with bricks and covered with plaster. It was also decorated with stucco garudas along the length.
ArchitecturePrang Wat Phutthaisawan
The main prang of Wat Phutthaiswand was erected on the phaithi base and faces the east. It was formerly flanked by mandapas to the north and the south. The prang was built with bricks, covered with plaster and decorated with stucco motifs. The interior serves as a cella or garbhagriha which can be accessed via a projecting porch on the exterior. There are also three more porches but are shorter in size. A superstructure of the prang is a multi-tiered roofs decorated with cornered antefixes. On the very top is a bronze nine-tiered trident as a finial.
ArchitectureTamnak Phra Phutthakosajarn
Tamnak Phra Phutthakosajarn is a two-storey building in a rectangular plan. It was built with brick and covered with plaster. The doorway is on the front wall of the ground floor whereas a row of pointed arch windows are on the side walls. The upper floor can be accessed by the staircase adjacent to side wall. Windows are on all sides of the building. The roof was built with timber and terracotta tiles.
ArchitectureThe Principal Prang of Wat Ratchaburana
The main prang of Wat Ratchaburana was erected on the Phai thi base and oriented toward the East. It was chiefly built with laterite blocks and partially with brick. Plaster was used to cover the exterior texture and embellished with stucco reliefs and motifs. The interior of the prang fuctions as cella or garbhagriha which was accessed by the east imposing portico. The other three porticos are shorter in size. A superstructure of the prang is a multi-tiered roofs decorated with cornered antefixes. Overall appearance of this prang is distinctively slimmer than its predecessors but is still bulkier than the late Ayutthaya prangs.
ArchitectureThe Main Chedi of Wat Maheyong
The main chedi of Wat Maheyong is a round chedi standing on an ambulatory platform. It was built with brick, covered with plaster and posseses an exterior decoration with stucco reliefs.The ambulatory platform is a square base. There are niches along its walls which house life-sized figures of elephant's front-half. Four sets of staircase leading to the upper area of platform locate in the middle of each side. At the centre of the square ambulatory platform is round chedi. A row of Buddha niches forms the chedi's lower part. The upper parts were mostly rebuilt but the original triple ring moulding (malai thao) can still be seen. The middle part is a bell-shaped dome and a square pedestal. This part supports the uppermost part: a newly built spire replacing the original one which broke and fell down onto the platform.
ArchitectureThe main chedis of Wat Phra Si Sanphet
The three round chedis stand on the same Phai Thi base, all of which are parted by mandapas. These buildings had been restored by the Fine Arts Deparment. These chedis, from top to bottom, comprise the plain square base, triple rings moulding, lotus base of the dome, a bell-shaped dome, a pillar or the shaft of a spire (symbolizing multi-tiered umbrella or chatra), multi-tiered spire, top spire and a sphere finial. Moreover, a unique characteristic of Wat Phra Si Sanphet is porticoes projecting from all four cardinal directions with a decoration with small or miniature chedi on their roofs ridge.
ArchitectureViharn Phra Si Sanphet
Viharn Phra Si Sanphet was erected in front of the main chedis and oriented toward the east. The ruins of viharn stands on a rectangular plan. All of its superstructure had completely collapsed. However, some parts of the walls that still stand exhibit vertical narrow outlets in place of regular windows. The outer surface of the side walls were attached with columns supporting the roof. The pedestal of Phra Si Sanphet and other minor Buddha images was installed inside. The interior of the viharn also features rows of columns as a supporting element.
