Arts in Southeast Asia
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PaintingMural Paintings Depicting Ramayana
The mural paintings show a combination of traditional and modern painting techniques as follows: the traditional painting techniques are demonstrated through the main characters’ dresses are similar to those in the Masked dance drama, they are showing the same dance movements, and the characters’ adornments are gilded. The modern painting techniques include the use of horizon lines and perspective, imitation of real buildings such as palaces in the Grand Palace, and depiction of real landscapes. In addition, the paintings also show ways of life of people in the Thai Royal Court and ordinary Thai people and humor through the supporting characters. There are 178 painting panels in total; and each painting comes with verse of Ramayana poetry on the lower part of the panels, 224 verses in total.
SculptureAvalokitesvara Bodhisattva
The sculpture is in the damaged condition. Only the head and upper body in ‘Tribhanga’ posture (standing body position or stance used in the traditional Indian sculpture, art and Indian classical dance forms) are left. The lower part of body is lost.The face is plump and well-crafted. The eyelids are half closed. The Unalome is visible at the forehead while head wears the triangle crown with jewelries. The hair bun on the top of the head is broken and lost, only the hair that is down to the shoulders left. The body wears many accessories such as the leather body bracelet with the chamois head on the left shoulder. This body bracelet is overlapped by a pearl body bracelet. Two necklaces, the top one is of pearls and the lower one is jewelries with flowers decorated. The jewels bracelet is also visible. Overall, this sculpture reflects the relationship between the Network of Mahayana Buddhist Kingdoms such as Pala Dynasty of India and Shailendra Dynasty of Java. However, the study by Assoc Prof Chet Tingsanchali points out the traits of the sculpture that do not exist in Java Art which means this sculpture might be crafted in Thailand.
ArchitecturePhra Sri Rattanachedi
Phra Sri Rattanachedi is a bell-shaped stupa in circular plan. Its four niches which have doors leading to the inner chamber, where the relics are kept in the small golden stupa, have smaller bell-shaped stupa on the top. The stupa is on a set of pyramidal lotus-shaped pedestals with wires in round plan. Its Ballang is in square plan, surrounded by supporting pillars.
ArchitectureChedi Phukhao Thong
Chedi Phukhao Thong is a monumental architecture. It comprises a pyramidal ambulatory platform with a staircase projecting from the middle of all four sides and a 12-angle indented (recessed) body. The upper part of the chedi, which now tilted slightly, is composed of Buddha niches on four sides, triple rings moulding, anindented bell-shaped dome and a spire.
ArchitecturePhra Ubosot Wat Phra Sri Rattanasatsadaram
Phra Ubosot Wat Phra Sri Rattanasatsadaram is a traditional Thai brick-and-stucco architecture in rectangular plan with boundary and faces the east.The three-tiered wooden roof is decorated by blue roof tiles, with orange and yellow roof tiles at the edge line. The cornice is decorated with Chorfah, Bairaka, Naksadung and Hanghong. The floral-carved-wooden pediment is coated with gold lacquer and glass, whose centre displays Vishnu riding Garuda.The exterior wall is decorated with gold-lacquer-and-glass Phoom Khao Bindh pattern, while there are Garuda holding Naga sculptures around the pedestal. Three doorways can be found both in the front and the back, with three pairs of bronze lion figures at the front staircase. There are pillars in dodecagonal plan surrounding the ubosot in the veranda area. Its echinus is a lotus shape and brackets are supporting the eaves.
ArchitecturePrasat Phra Thep Bidorn
Prasat Phra Thep Bidorn is a four-portico building with Prang top. The front projecting portico is in the east. The wall is decorated by tiles in Phoom Khao Bindh pattern on blue background. The cornice is decorated with Chorfah, Bairaka, Naksadung and Hanghong. A prang is on the top of the building, which is made from plaster and decorated with coloured tiles. Its four pediments display the royal coats of arms. The northern portico’s pediment displays Unalom of King Rama I. The southern portico’s pediment displays Garuda holding Nagas of King Rama II. The western portico’s pediment displays Phra Viman of King Rama III and the eastern portico’s pediment displays Phra Makamongkut of King Rama IV. The windows and doorways has Mongkut tops which are coated with gold lacquer and glass, while the sided walls show the royal coats of arms of King Rama I – V.
SculptureYakṣas at the Temple of the Emerald Buddha
The 12 sculptures are made of stucco with colorful glazed porcelain adornments according to Rammakian including different types of crowns, blouses, costumes, pointed sandals, etc. Their bodies were also painted according to the literary work.6 pairs of Yakṣas are as follows: 1.Suriyaphop – Intharachit 2.Mangkonkan – Wirunhok 3.Thotsakhichanthon – Thotsakhiriwan 4.Chakrawat – Atsakanmarasun 5.Thotsakan - Sahatsadecha Maiyarap - Wirunchambang
ArchitecturePhra Ubosot Wat Benchamabophit Dusitwanaram
Phra ubosot is in projecting cross plan and faces the east The easterm portico is extended, while the duplicated Phra Phuttha Jinaraj is installed in the western wing. The northern and southern porticos are linked to the cloister that leads to the back of the building.The front edge of the boundary stand concrete pillars with lotus-bud-shaped echinus, which signify “Sema”, while the back of the ubosot shows through Dharmacakra Sema on a granite-carved floor tiles. The boundary floor uses pink and gray granite tiles, while the wall is a white marble.The eastern and western porticos have four marble pillars in circular plan. Beside the staircase of each side stand a pair of marble-carved lions, which Prince Naris designed and molded by Khun Sakolpradit, the royal artisan.The exterior door was embossed with Dvarapala, while the interior door was painted the same figure with golden lacquer. The windows use the same technic, however, with Mara Baek. The niches were decorated by stained glass.The roof was built in traditional Thai form with yellow corrugated tiles and Thepphanom at the eaves, which once were the roof tiles of Wat Kalayanamite that later had been coloured in China. The pediment of phra ubosot displays the important state coat of arms. The eastern portico’s pediment displays Vishnu riding Garuda which stands for Phra Krooth Pah emblem. The western portico’s pediment display Unalom in Bussabok which stands for Maha Unalom or Maha Ongkarn emblem. The northern portico’s pediment displays three-headed elephant carrying bussabok which stands for Aiyarapot emblem. The southern portico’s pediment displays Cakra which stands for Cakraroth or Dharmacakra emblem.
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Minaret of Masjid Kampong Kling
The Southeast Asian-styled mosques are different from Indian or Persian masjids. The mosque has a square plan with 4 pillars supporting the sloping roof with the wooden beam supporting the tile roof without any dome. Other interesting point is the minaret that has stacked body with the Chinese sloping roof at the top. The shape of the minaret is similar to Chinese pagoda. At the same time, the minaret is also look alike the Dargarh type tower in Nagapattinam in South India
Dutch Colonization Period
17th – 18th century
Architecture
ArchitectureReception Hall for Envoys
This building was constructed with bricks and covered with plaster. It has a rectangular floor plan with an entrance on the east. It is heavily damaged, only the front and the rear wall remain. These walls show large pointed arch doors in the middle and two smaller windows on either sides above which there are two more sets of windows; 3 windows in the middle row and a single window at the peak of the wall, all of which are pointed arch. There should be rows of windows and doors on the side walls which have long disappeared as well. The building is surrounded by a narrow pool.
ArchitecturePhra Thinang Dusit Sawan Thanya Mahaprasat
This throne hall was oriented toward the east. Its main building material is brick and is covered with plaster. The space of the room was divided into 2 sections. The front part of the hall is a rectangular room lined with pointed arch windows along the walls of three sides: east, north and south. Its full pediment roof which is now destroyed would likely made of wooden structure and tiles. The second section occupies a space at the back of the hall. It is a two-storied room of which the wooden floor was all destroyed, only rows of pilaster and a large pedestal in the middle remains. A window on the east wall of the upper floor was where King Narai received audiences beside which there was an exit leading down to the front hall. The roof of this section was plausibly adorned with prasat-typed spire.
ArchitecturePhra Narai Ratchaniwet
Phra Narai Ratchaniwet is rectangular in plan covering approximately seven hectares of land. The entrance faces eastward to the town. It is surrounded by fortified walls built with brick and plaster. The walls are surmounted by bai sema along the length with fortresses on each side and corner.The palace compound is divided into 3 sections: the outer, the middle and the inner courts.Remaining buildings in the outer court are water tank, the Twelve Royal Storage, Reception Hall for Envoys, Phra Chao Hao Hall and Royal Elephant Stable. Among significant buildings in the middle court are Phra Thinang Chanthara Phisan, Phra Thinang Dusit Sawan Thanya Mahaprasat, King Mongkut’s the Phra Thinang Phiman Mongkut group and Thim buildings. The inner court features two important buildings which are Phra Thinang Suthasawan and Phra Pratieb buildings.
ArchitecturePrang Phra Si Rattana Mahathat Lopburi
Phra Si Rattana Mahathat Lopburi was erected on the Phai thi base and oriented toward the east. Initially the main prang was flanked by two smaller prangs to the north and the south which were destroyed. Prang Phra Si Rattana Mahathat Lopburi was main
ArchitectureA group of Phimanmongkut Throne Hall
A group of Phimanmongkut Throne Hall consists of a two-storey and three-storey buildings with hipped roof and Chinese clay roof tiles. The character is a mixture of traditional Thai art, European Art and Chinese Art. The pediment displays Phra Maha Mongkut on Phan Waenfah surrounded by two parasols, while Visudhivinichai Throne Hall displays a throne under a white nine-tiered parasol surrounded by two parasols.There are many reception halls and a front porticos along with an amphitheatre that has a central staircase. The reception hall can be divided into two parts, the outer part is a big hall for discussing state affairs, while the inner part is smaller which leads to the third-floor veranda and the royal bedchamber. A group of Phimanmongkut Throne Hall was used a mixed technic; the European true-arched technic and a King Narai pointed-arched technic, which made the buildings to be in harmony with other old buildings.
ArchitecturePhra That Sri Songrak
Phra That Sri Songrak is a brick-and-stucco stupa. The pyramidal platforms are in square plan. while the upper pedestals with a large pointed wire or Bua Khao Prom in multi-edges plan. This wire may be the developement of Ayutthaya Singha pedestal, which is normally under the lotus pedestal. The falling lotus bud has flisked tip, which is known in Lanchang Art as Bua Ngon pedestal. The anda is quite cylindrical in square plan and decorated with stucco sheath at each corner. A small ballang and a cylindrical finial can be compared to the top part of normal bell-shaped stupa in circular plan.
ArchitecturePrasat Muang Singh
Prasat Muang Singh has been fully restored. Laterite was the chief construction material, plastered and decorated with stucco which is now mostly gone. The tower was oriented toward the east.The group of buildings were supported by a high base by which the main sanctuary is at the centre. Roofs of the main sanctuary were now lost. Library is located to the northeast of the main sanctuary. They were all surrounded by a gallery which had gopura/entrances on all four sides topped with prasat-like superstructure. On the eastfront of the base was affixed to the laterite court which should be sheltered by wooden beams and tiled roof, now lost. To the east, there is a trace of gopura which was once connected to the enclosure to the north and south with a cruciform terrace situated in front of the gopura.
ArchitectureThe main chedi of Wat Chang Rob, kamphaeng Phet
Laterite block is a main material building used for Chedi Wat Chang Rob. Its exterior was covered with plaster and adorned with stucco reliefs. Its significant attributes are a square ambulatory platform with staircases on all four sides. This platform also features standing figures of elephant's front-half stretching along its length. The elephant figures were embellished with stucco jewellery. The spaces between each elephant also adorned with stucco in a form of tree. Above the ambulatory platform is the ruins of round chedi sitting in the middle. At the lower part of the round chedi was decorated with the stucco reliefs of the Jataka. The ruins of round chedi reveals that this chedi was built over an older and smaller chedi.
