Arts in Southeast Asia
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PaintingMural Paintings Depicting Ramayana
The mural paintings show a combination of traditional and modern painting techniques as follows: the traditional painting techniques are demonstrated through the main characters’ dresses are similar to those in the Masked dance drama, they are showing the same dance movements, and the characters’ adornments are gilded. The modern painting techniques include the use of horizon lines and perspective, imitation of real buildings such as palaces in the Grand Palace, and depiction of real landscapes. In addition, the paintings also show ways of life of people in the Thai Royal Court and ordinary Thai people and humor through the supporting characters. There are 178 painting panels in total; and each painting comes with verse of Ramayana poetry on the lower part of the panels, 224 verses in total.
SculptureAvalokitesvara Bodhisattva
The sculpture is in the damaged condition. Only the head and upper body in ‘Tribhanga’ posture (standing body position or stance used in the traditional Indian sculpture, art and Indian classical dance forms) are left. The lower part of body is lost.The face is plump and well-crafted. The eyelids are half closed. The Unalome is visible at the forehead while head wears the triangle crown with jewelries. The hair bun on the top of the head is broken and lost, only the hair that is down to the shoulders left. The body wears many accessories such as the leather body bracelet with the chamois head on the left shoulder. This body bracelet is overlapped by a pearl body bracelet. Two necklaces, the top one is of pearls and the lower one is jewelries with flowers decorated. The jewels bracelet is also visible. Overall, this sculpture reflects the relationship between the Network of Mahayana Buddhist Kingdoms such as Pala Dynasty of India and Shailendra Dynasty of Java. However, the study by Assoc Prof Chet Tingsanchali points out the traits of the sculpture that do not exist in Java Art which means this sculpture might be crafted in Thailand.
ArchitecturePhra Sri Rattanachedi
Phra Sri Rattanachedi is a bell-shaped stupa in circular plan. Its four niches which have doors leading to the inner chamber, where the relics are kept in the small golden stupa, have smaller bell-shaped stupa on the top. The stupa is on a set of pyramidal lotus-shaped pedestals with wires in round plan. Its Ballang is in square plan, surrounded by supporting pillars.
ArchitectureChedi Phukhao Thong
Chedi Phukhao Thong is a monumental architecture. It comprises a pyramidal ambulatory platform with a staircase projecting from the middle of all four sides and a 12-angle indented (recessed) body. The upper part of the chedi, which now tilted slightly, is composed of Buddha niches on four sides, triple rings moulding, anindented bell-shaped dome and a spire.
ArchitecturePhra Ubosot Wat Phra Sri Rattanasatsadaram
Phra Ubosot Wat Phra Sri Rattanasatsadaram is a traditional Thai brick-and-stucco architecture in rectangular plan with boundary and faces the east.The three-tiered wooden roof is decorated by blue roof tiles, with orange and yellow roof tiles at the edge line. The cornice is decorated with Chorfah, Bairaka, Naksadung and Hanghong. The floral-carved-wooden pediment is coated with gold lacquer and glass, whose centre displays Vishnu riding Garuda.The exterior wall is decorated with gold-lacquer-and-glass Phoom Khao Bindh pattern, while there are Garuda holding Naga sculptures around the pedestal. Three doorways can be found both in the front and the back, with three pairs of bronze lion figures at the front staircase. There are pillars in dodecagonal plan surrounding the ubosot in the veranda area. Its echinus is a lotus shape and brackets are supporting the eaves.
ArchitecturePrasat Phra Thep Bidorn
Prasat Phra Thep Bidorn is a four-portico building with Prang top. The front projecting portico is in the east. The wall is decorated by tiles in Phoom Khao Bindh pattern on blue background. The cornice is decorated with Chorfah, Bairaka, Naksadung and Hanghong. A prang is on the top of the building, which is made from plaster and decorated with coloured tiles. Its four pediments display the royal coats of arms. The northern portico’s pediment displays Unalom of King Rama I. The southern portico’s pediment displays Garuda holding Nagas of King Rama II. The western portico’s pediment displays Phra Viman of King Rama III and the eastern portico’s pediment displays Phra Makamongkut of King Rama IV. The windows and doorways has Mongkut tops which are coated with gold lacquer and glass, while the sided walls show the royal coats of arms of King Rama I – V.
SculptureYakṣas at the Temple of the Emerald Buddha
The 12 sculptures are made of stucco with colorful glazed porcelain adornments according to Rammakian including different types of crowns, blouses, costumes, pointed sandals, etc. Their bodies were also painted according to the literary work.6 pairs of Yakṣas are as follows: 1.Suriyaphop – Intharachit 2.Mangkonkan – Wirunhok 3.Thotsakhichanthon – Thotsakhiriwan 4.Chakrawat – Atsakanmarasun 5.Thotsakan - Sahatsadecha Maiyarap - Wirunchambang
ArchitecturePhra Ubosot Wat Benchamabophit Dusitwanaram
Phra ubosot is in projecting cross plan and faces the east The easterm portico is extended, while the duplicated Phra Phuttha Jinaraj is installed in the western wing. The northern and southern porticos are linked to the cloister that leads to the back of the building.The front edge of the boundary stand concrete pillars with lotus-bud-shaped echinus, which signify “Sema”, while the back of the ubosot shows through Dharmacakra Sema on a granite-carved floor tiles. The boundary floor uses pink and gray granite tiles, while the wall is a white marble.The eastern and western porticos have four marble pillars in circular plan. Beside the staircase of each side stand a pair of marble-carved lions, which Prince Naris designed and molded by Khun Sakolpradit, the royal artisan.The exterior door was embossed with Dvarapala, while the interior door was painted the same figure with golden lacquer. The windows use the same technic, however, with Mara Baek. The niches were decorated by stained glass.The roof was built in traditional Thai form with yellow corrugated tiles and Thepphanom at the eaves, which once were the roof tiles of Wat Kalayanamite that later had been coloured in China. The pediment of phra ubosot displays the important state coat of arms. The eastern portico’s pediment displays Vishnu riding Garuda which stands for Phra Krooth Pah emblem. The western portico’s pediment display Unalom in Bussabok which stands for Maha Unalom or Maha Ongkarn emblem. The northern portico’s pediment displays three-headed elephant carrying bussabok which stands for Aiyarapot emblem. The southern portico’s pediment displays Cakra which stands for Cakraroth or Dharmacakra emblem.
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Minaret of Masjid Kampong Kling
The Southeast Asian-styled mosques are different from Indian or Persian masjids. The mosque has a square plan with 4 pillars supporting the sloping roof with the wooden beam supporting the tile roof without any dome. Other interesting point is the minaret that has stacked body with the Chinese sloping roof at the top. The shape of the minaret is similar to Chinese pagoda. At the same time, the minaret is also look alike the Dargarh type tower in Nagapattinam in South India
Dutch Colonization Period
17th – 18th century
Architecture
SculptureMahamayatmuni
Buddha image in Rakhine Art is characterized by the absent of the robe of the upper body. The image sits in Virasana posture in south Indian fashion but gestures Maravijaya which differently affiliates to North Indian art. King Bodawpaya and later kings presented him some regalia and he image became the bejewelled Buddha. The regalia style, such as the pointed crown and the breast chain in X-shape is of Ayutthayan fashion as it is noted that several Ayutthayans settled down at Sagaing after the collapse of Ayutthya in the 18th century A.D.
SculptureMain Buddha at Kyauktawgyi
The principle Buddha image of Kyauktawgyi is the transition between “Angwa” and “Mandalay”, by having a smooth robe and the second layer hanging from the left shoulder. However, the lower end of the robe is folded following the Mandalay style. This image is made of a large marble-alabaster. This is the reason why it is called “Kyauktawgyi”,which means large stones.
Sculpture80 disciples at Kyauktawgyi
At the cloister, there are 80 disciples called “the great Asiti disciples”. These disciples are made from marble-alabaster similar to the principle image. They sit with legs folded back on one side and the hands are rested politely on the lap. The robes have stips, which shows the tendency towards Mandalay art.
SculptureBuddha Iamge at Pindaya Cave
Buddha images in Pindava cave are tge finest example of the Buddha images in this school of art. They usually have large heads, small body and narrow shoulder. There is a gourd on top of the head following the Chinese style of art. The robe is highly made having two layers of robes similar to those in Angwa-Amarapura. The righ shoulder is also covered with the robe following the Chinese influence.
SculptureBuddha Iamge at Pindaya Cave
Buddha images in Pindava cave are tge finest example of the Buddha images in this school of art. They usually have large heads, small body and narrow shoulder. This particular image is an ornamented one, having triangular neckpieces similar to Pala art, but the earings are very big and spreading, which is the influence from Tibetan art. The Buddha image wears the U-shape breast chain and has the flower breast pieces showing the mixture of Tibet and Ayutthaya arts.
SculptureBuddha Iamge at Pindaya Cave
Buddha images in Pindava cave are tge finest example of the Buddha images in this school of art. They usually have large heads, small body and narrow shoulder. This particular image has talipot fan at the chest. This talipot fan originated in Lanka and was usullay held by monks when they gave sermons. This had influence on the arts in Southeast Asia as well. It usually appears with Buddha images, monks or Bhothisavara when they are sitting and giving sermon. However, this image is very special in that it is in the standing posture, but holds talipot fan
SculptureThe Copy of Shwesettaw Buddha’s Footprint
The Buddha’s footprints in the after Pukam period is usually decorated with 108 blessing patterns. Some are in the tables spreading all over the foot and some are in the circle in the middle of the footprint. The edges are surrounded by Naga and are thick to store water. This is according to the concept of the footprint at Chavesedtong that is located on the riverside.
SculptureWooden sculpture of four Devaduttas
In Mandalay art, each temple is normally decorated with wooden dolls telling the Buddha life and stories such as the four stages of life : the elderly, the sick, the dead and the monk. These sculptures usually appear in the set and they are realistic showing the wrinkles of the body and distended body. This relaistic aspect is another developmental step of Myanmese sculpture as well as showing the western influence.
