Arts in Southeast Asia
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PaintingMural Paintings Depicting Ramayana
The mural paintings show a combination of traditional and modern painting techniques as follows: the traditional painting techniques are demonstrated through the main characters’ dresses are similar to those in the Masked dance drama, they are showing the same dance movements, and the characters’ adornments are gilded. The modern painting techniques include the use of horizon lines and perspective, imitation of real buildings such as palaces in the Grand Palace, and depiction of real landscapes. In addition, the paintings also show ways of life of people in the Thai Royal Court and ordinary Thai people and humor through the supporting characters. There are 178 painting panels in total; and each painting comes with verse of Ramayana poetry on the lower part of the panels, 224 verses in total.
SculptureAvalokitesvara Bodhisattva
The sculpture is in the damaged condition. Only the head and upper body in ‘Tribhanga’ posture (standing body position or stance used in the traditional Indian sculpture, art and Indian classical dance forms) are left. The lower part of body is lost.The face is plump and well-crafted. The eyelids are half closed. The Unalome is visible at the forehead while head wears the triangle crown with jewelries. The hair bun on the top of the head is broken and lost, only the hair that is down to the shoulders left. The body wears many accessories such as the leather body bracelet with the chamois head on the left shoulder. This body bracelet is overlapped by a pearl body bracelet. Two necklaces, the top one is of pearls and the lower one is jewelries with flowers decorated. The jewels bracelet is also visible. Overall, this sculpture reflects the relationship between the Network of Mahayana Buddhist Kingdoms such as Pala Dynasty of India and Shailendra Dynasty of Java. However, the study by Assoc Prof Chet Tingsanchali points out the traits of the sculpture that do not exist in Java Art which means this sculpture might be crafted in Thailand.
ArchitecturePhra Sri Rattanachedi
Phra Sri Rattanachedi is a bell-shaped stupa in circular plan. Its four niches which have doors leading to the inner chamber, where the relics are kept in the small golden stupa, have smaller bell-shaped stupa on the top. The stupa is on a set of pyramidal lotus-shaped pedestals with wires in round plan. Its Ballang is in square plan, surrounded by supporting pillars.
ArchitectureChedi Phukhao Thong
Chedi Phukhao Thong is a monumental architecture. It comprises a pyramidal ambulatory platform with a staircase projecting from the middle of all four sides and a 12-angle indented (recessed) body. The upper part of the chedi, which now tilted slightly, is composed of Buddha niches on four sides, triple rings moulding, anindented bell-shaped dome and a spire.
ArchitecturePhra Ubosot Wat Phra Sri Rattanasatsadaram
Phra Ubosot Wat Phra Sri Rattanasatsadaram is a traditional Thai brick-and-stucco architecture in rectangular plan with boundary and faces the east.The three-tiered wooden roof is decorated by blue roof tiles, with orange and yellow roof tiles at the edge line. The cornice is decorated with Chorfah, Bairaka, Naksadung and Hanghong. The floral-carved-wooden pediment is coated with gold lacquer and glass, whose centre displays Vishnu riding Garuda.The exterior wall is decorated with gold-lacquer-and-glass Phoom Khao Bindh pattern, while there are Garuda holding Naga sculptures around the pedestal. Three doorways can be found both in the front and the back, with three pairs of bronze lion figures at the front staircase. There are pillars in dodecagonal plan surrounding the ubosot in the veranda area. Its echinus is a lotus shape and brackets are supporting the eaves.
ArchitecturePrasat Phra Thep Bidorn
Prasat Phra Thep Bidorn is a four-portico building with Prang top. The front projecting portico is in the east. The wall is decorated by tiles in Phoom Khao Bindh pattern on blue background. The cornice is decorated with Chorfah, Bairaka, Naksadung and Hanghong. A prang is on the top of the building, which is made from plaster and decorated with coloured tiles. Its four pediments display the royal coats of arms. The northern portico’s pediment displays Unalom of King Rama I. The southern portico’s pediment displays Garuda holding Nagas of King Rama II. The western portico’s pediment displays Phra Viman of King Rama III and the eastern portico’s pediment displays Phra Makamongkut of King Rama IV. The windows and doorways has Mongkut tops which are coated with gold lacquer and glass, while the sided walls show the royal coats of arms of King Rama I – V.
SculptureYakṣas at the Temple of the Emerald Buddha
The 12 sculptures are made of stucco with colorful glazed porcelain adornments according to Rammakian including different types of crowns, blouses, costumes, pointed sandals, etc. Their bodies were also painted according to the literary work.6 pairs of Yakṣas are as follows: 1.Suriyaphop – Intharachit 2.Mangkonkan – Wirunhok 3.Thotsakhichanthon – Thotsakhiriwan 4.Chakrawat – Atsakanmarasun 5.Thotsakan - Sahatsadecha Maiyarap - Wirunchambang
ArchitecturePhra Ubosot Wat Benchamabophit Dusitwanaram
Phra ubosot is in projecting cross plan and faces the east The easterm portico is extended, while the duplicated Phra Phuttha Jinaraj is installed in the western wing. The northern and southern porticos are linked to the cloister that leads to the back of the building.The front edge of the boundary stand concrete pillars with lotus-bud-shaped echinus, which signify “Sema”, while the back of the ubosot shows through Dharmacakra Sema on a granite-carved floor tiles. The boundary floor uses pink and gray granite tiles, while the wall is a white marble.The eastern and western porticos have four marble pillars in circular plan. Beside the staircase of each side stand a pair of marble-carved lions, which Prince Naris designed and molded by Khun Sakolpradit, the royal artisan.The exterior door was embossed with Dvarapala, while the interior door was painted the same figure with golden lacquer. The windows use the same technic, however, with Mara Baek. The niches were decorated by stained glass.The roof was built in traditional Thai form with yellow corrugated tiles and Thepphanom at the eaves, which once were the roof tiles of Wat Kalayanamite that later had been coloured in China. The pediment of phra ubosot displays the important state coat of arms. The eastern portico’s pediment displays Vishnu riding Garuda which stands for Phra Krooth Pah emblem. The western portico’s pediment display Unalom in Bussabok which stands for Maha Unalom or Maha Ongkarn emblem. The northern portico’s pediment displays three-headed elephant carrying bussabok which stands for Aiyarapot emblem. The southern portico’s pediment displays Cakra which stands for Cakraroth or Dharmacakra emblem.
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Minaret of Masjid Kampong Kling
The Southeast Asian-styled mosques are different from Indian or Persian masjids. The mosque has a square plan with 4 pillars supporting the sloping roof with the wooden beam supporting the tile roof without any dome. Other interesting point is the minaret that has stacked body with the Chinese sloping roof at the top. The shape of the minaret is similar to Chinese pagoda. At the same time, the minaret is also look alike the Dargarh type tower in Nagapattinam in South India
Dutch Colonization Period
17th – 18th century
Architecture
ArchitectureCemetery Chapel: Vigan
Cemetery Chapel is locally called Simbaan a Bassit is situated in the couth of Vigan city. It was built in 1852. It is a small church with a baroque style façade. The façade is divided into 5 parts using wall posts. The top of the church is the arc gable in baroque style. On the side of the church appears the large volute as in baroque style and the door to the cemetery. The gable of the façade that is also used for hanging the bell is not often seen in the art of the Philippines (This is called Espadraña in Spanish).
ArchitecturePaoay Church
The façade of Paoay church is made of brick and stucco where the side façade is made of coral stone. The façade is decorated with 6 wall posts. The façade is divided in to 5 parts. The top part is covered with classic pediment and there is a small bell hanger on top of the gable as well. In the nave appears only one arch door. There is no door around the aisle area. There is an arch that serves as window and camber. Moreover, the symbols of the families that patronize the church are decorated.
ArchitectureButtress: Paoay Church
The side buttress of Paoay church was built up firmly to prevent the church from earthquake erosion. The butsress is in volute shape which is in style of Baroque style. This is one of the most beautiful buttresses in the Philippines arts. Large buttress like this always appear in churches in Laoag- Vigan style. There is a staircase inserted between the buttresses to use for going up to the roof of the church. This style can also be seen in Santa Maria church near Vigan city. However, this style is completely different from Manila School because churches in Manila School do not emphasize in having a buttress in a church.
ArchitectureInterior: Paoay Church
Inside of Paoay Church appears three altars in Laoag- Vigan style. St. Augustine is enshrined in the middle altar while Jesus and Holy Family are in the side altar. The church is very long. The roof of the church is made of wood covered by zinc plate. The simple style of roof is very popular in Laoag- Vigan School.
ArchitectureSt. William Cathedral’s Belfry
The characteristic of the belfry of Laoag School is completely different than the one from Vigan. The belfry of Vigan School is usually octagon but the belfry of Laoag School is always square with layers. This character is inherited from the belfry of the church of Paoay city which is one of the successors of Spanish art. It is worth noting that at the side corner of the belfry appears a lot of large buttresses and they were built separately from the church to protect the belfry from falling over the church when an earthquake occurs. For this reason, belfries in this area are situated separately from churches.
ArchitectureBelfry : Saint Andrew Cathedral
loftiest and the most beautiful Neo-Gothic church in Singapore. Locates in the front, the huge belfry is divided into 3 stories decorated with the series of Gothic-styled pointed arches. The roof is pointed spire indicating the Gothic affiliation.
ArchitectureSingapore National Museum
National Museum of Singapore is one of the most beautiful Palladian architectures in the island. The whole architectural members are of classic order, including the loggia, Doric and Ionic columns, the triangular pediment and the dome. The plan is of Palladian fashion, I.e. E-liked plan with the central and the side projecting porticoes. This kind of plan was very popular for the formal or official buildings in both Europe and Colonies.
PaintingMural in Abeyadana
Pala artistic influence can be noticed from the red tone that occupies the painting. The niches for enshrining Buddha images that cloister at the wall of the temple are flanked by Mahayana Bodhisattvas. The dress and regalia of these figure are very similar to those of Pala sculpture, including the diadem with three pointed leafs, the S-shaped Yajnopavita and the folded lower garment.
