Arts in Southeast Asia
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PaintingMural Paintings Depicting Ramayana
The mural paintings show a combination of traditional and modern painting techniques as follows: the traditional painting techniques are demonstrated through the main characters’ dresses are similar to those in the Masked dance drama, they are showing the same dance movements, and the characters’ adornments are gilded. The modern painting techniques include the use of horizon lines and perspective, imitation of real buildings such as palaces in the Grand Palace, and depiction of real landscapes. In addition, the paintings also show ways of life of people in the Thai Royal Court and ordinary Thai people and humor through the supporting characters. There are 178 painting panels in total; and each painting comes with verse of Ramayana poetry on the lower part of the panels, 224 verses in total.
SculptureAvalokitesvara Bodhisattva
The sculpture is in the damaged condition. Only the head and upper body in ‘Tribhanga’ posture (standing body position or stance used in the traditional Indian sculpture, art and Indian classical dance forms) are left. The lower part of body is lost.The face is plump and well-crafted. The eyelids are half closed. The Unalome is visible at the forehead while head wears the triangle crown with jewelries. The hair bun on the top of the head is broken and lost, only the hair that is down to the shoulders left. The body wears many accessories such as the leather body bracelet with the chamois head on the left shoulder. This body bracelet is overlapped by a pearl body bracelet. Two necklaces, the top one is of pearls and the lower one is jewelries with flowers decorated. The jewels bracelet is also visible. Overall, this sculpture reflects the relationship between the Network of Mahayana Buddhist Kingdoms such as Pala Dynasty of India and Shailendra Dynasty of Java. However, the study by Assoc Prof Chet Tingsanchali points out the traits of the sculpture that do not exist in Java Art which means this sculpture might be crafted in Thailand.
ArchitecturePhra Sri Rattanachedi
Phra Sri Rattanachedi is a bell-shaped stupa in circular plan. Its four niches which have doors leading to the inner chamber, where the relics are kept in the small golden stupa, have smaller bell-shaped stupa on the top. The stupa is on a set of pyramidal lotus-shaped pedestals with wires in round plan. Its Ballang is in square plan, surrounded by supporting pillars.
ArchitectureChedi Phukhao Thong
Chedi Phukhao Thong is a monumental architecture. It comprises a pyramidal ambulatory platform with a staircase projecting from the middle of all four sides and a 12-angle indented (recessed) body. The upper part of the chedi, which now tilted slightly, is composed of Buddha niches on four sides, triple rings moulding, anindented bell-shaped dome and a spire.
ArchitecturePhra Ubosot Wat Phra Sri Rattanasatsadaram
Phra Ubosot Wat Phra Sri Rattanasatsadaram is a traditional Thai brick-and-stucco architecture in rectangular plan with boundary and faces the east.The three-tiered wooden roof is decorated by blue roof tiles, with orange and yellow roof tiles at the edge line. The cornice is decorated with Chorfah, Bairaka, Naksadung and Hanghong. The floral-carved-wooden pediment is coated with gold lacquer and glass, whose centre displays Vishnu riding Garuda.The exterior wall is decorated with gold-lacquer-and-glass Phoom Khao Bindh pattern, while there are Garuda holding Naga sculptures around the pedestal. Three doorways can be found both in the front and the back, with three pairs of bronze lion figures at the front staircase. There are pillars in dodecagonal plan surrounding the ubosot in the veranda area. Its echinus is a lotus shape and brackets are supporting the eaves.
ArchitecturePrasat Phra Thep Bidorn
Prasat Phra Thep Bidorn is a four-portico building with Prang top. The front projecting portico is in the east. The wall is decorated by tiles in Phoom Khao Bindh pattern on blue background. The cornice is decorated with Chorfah, Bairaka, Naksadung and Hanghong. A prang is on the top of the building, which is made from plaster and decorated with coloured tiles. Its four pediments display the royal coats of arms. The northern portico’s pediment displays Unalom of King Rama I. The southern portico’s pediment displays Garuda holding Nagas of King Rama II. The western portico’s pediment displays Phra Viman of King Rama III and the eastern portico’s pediment displays Phra Makamongkut of King Rama IV. The windows and doorways has Mongkut tops which are coated with gold lacquer and glass, while the sided walls show the royal coats of arms of King Rama I – V.
SculptureYakṣas at the Temple of the Emerald Buddha
The 12 sculptures are made of stucco with colorful glazed porcelain adornments according to Rammakian including different types of crowns, blouses, costumes, pointed sandals, etc. Their bodies were also painted according to the literary work.6 pairs of Yakṣas are as follows: 1.Suriyaphop – Intharachit 2.Mangkonkan – Wirunhok 3.Thotsakhichanthon – Thotsakhiriwan 4.Chakrawat – Atsakanmarasun 5.Thotsakan - Sahatsadecha Maiyarap - Wirunchambang
ArchitecturePhra Ubosot Wat Benchamabophit Dusitwanaram
Phra ubosot is in projecting cross plan and faces the east The easterm portico is extended, while the duplicated Phra Phuttha Jinaraj is installed in the western wing. The northern and southern porticos are linked to the cloister that leads to the back of the building.The front edge of the boundary stand concrete pillars with lotus-bud-shaped echinus, which signify “Sema”, while the back of the ubosot shows through Dharmacakra Sema on a granite-carved floor tiles. The boundary floor uses pink and gray granite tiles, while the wall is a white marble.The eastern and western porticos have four marble pillars in circular plan. Beside the staircase of each side stand a pair of marble-carved lions, which Prince Naris designed and molded by Khun Sakolpradit, the royal artisan.The exterior door was embossed with Dvarapala, while the interior door was painted the same figure with golden lacquer. The windows use the same technic, however, with Mara Baek. The niches were decorated by stained glass.The roof was built in traditional Thai form with yellow corrugated tiles and Thepphanom at the eaves, which once were the roof tiles of Wat Kalayanamite that later had been coloured in China. The pediment of phra ubosot displays the important state coat of arms. The eastern portico’s pediment displays Vishnu riding Garuda which stands for Phra Krooth Pah emblem. The western portico’s pediment display Unalom in Bussabok which stands for Maha Unalom or Maha Ongkarn emblem. The northern portico’s pediment displays three-headed elephant carrying bussabok which stands for Aiyarapot emblem. The southern portico’s pediment displays Cakra which stands for Cakraroth or Dharmacakra emblem.
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Minaret of Masjid Kampong Kling
The Southeast Asian-styled mosques are different from Indian or Persian masjids. The mosque has a square plan with 4 pillars supporting the sloping roof with the wooden beam supporting the tile roof without any dome. Other interesting point is the minaret that has stacked body with the Chinese sloping roof at the top. The shape of the minaret is similar to Chinese pagoda. At the same time, the minaret is also look alike the Dargarh type tower in Nagapattinam in South India
Dutch Colonization Period
17th – 18th century
Architecture
ArchitectureAnanta Samakhom Throne Hall
Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall is a Italian Renaissance and Neoclassical architecture made from Carrara marble. Its highlight is a large central dome, while other 6 domes can also be seen. The domes were made from copper.Fresco drawings in the Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall were accomplished by Galileo Chini and Carlo Riguli, displaying the royal duties of King Rama I – VI.The northern dome exhibits the picture of King Rama I when he was Somdej Chaopraya Mahakasatriyasuek leading his armies back after defeating the Khme. The eastern dome shows the contribution of King Rama II and King Rama III to arts by ordering constructions of the royal temples. Pictures of King Rama IV surrounded by priests of various faiths are shown on the western dome, depicting the king's advocacy of all religion and the southern dome displays King Rama V's abolition of slavery. The eastern dome of the central throne hall displays the picture of King Rama VI sitting on the Bussabokmala throne at the projecting portica of Dusitmahaprasat throne hall when he ascended to the throne in 1911 AD. The central dome and other parts of the hall are decorated with King Rama V's and King Rama VI's monograms – “Chor Por Ror” and “Vor Por Ror”.
ArchitecturePhra Ubosot Wat Rachathiwat
Phra Ubosot faces the west, where the former temple entrance was, and has three doorways. The building can b divided into three parts. The front veranda, the centre area where the rituals are held and the duplicated Phra Samphuttha Phanni is installed under the white nine-tiered parasol. Behind the buddha image is the niche which displays the painting of Vessantara Jataka drawn by Prince Naris and used Fresco paint by an Italian painter, Mr. C. Rigoli. The back part is where the former principal buddha image of the temple, Phra Samphuttha Wadhobhas, installed. The front portico of the ubosot has Lopburi Art cornice, while its pediment consists of the standing buddha image with Abhaya Mudra gesture at the centre and two sitting disciples in the niches. The roof uses blue tiles which both sided eaves are decorated by three Lopburi Art cornices.
ArchitecturePhimanchakri Throne Hall
Phimanchakri Throne Hall is a two-storey brick and stucco building in European Gothic-Romaneque Revival style. The red dome is the highlight where Maharaj Flag was waving over the complex while King Rama VI was living here. Fresco floral painting can be seen on the ceiling and the wall, while the doors are wooden carved with gold lacquer. Above the doors, the King’s abbreviated name “Ror Ror 6”, which refers to Somdej Phra Ram Rajadhipati the Sixth, is displayedOn the first floor of Phimanchakri Throne Hall, there are royal dining room, royal audience hall, royal smoking room and royal bed chamber, which was used as the waiting room and later changed into the cafetaria when the palace was changed into Phyathai Hotel. On the second floor, there are royal museum room, royal library, royal bed chamber and royal study room. The interior design is in European style. Above the chimney hanging the portrait of King Rama VI wearing Phra Maha Mongkut surrounded by the radius. Furthermore, there are paintings of dragons which symbolized the ruler and the King’s year of birth.
ArchitectureHo Shastrakhom
Ho Shastrakhom is a traditional Thai brick-and-stucco architecture with wooden roof frame and two-tiered roof that is decorated by green and orange roof tiles. The cornice is decorated with Chorfah, Bairaka, Naksadung and Hanghong. The floral-carved-wooden pediment is coated with gold lacquer and glass, whose the centre stands a deva holding a sword in his left hand and a trident in his right hand. The columns with echinus in circular plan are suppoting the eaves. The veranda is decorated with green porcelain tiles. There are windows and doorways except the eastern side. Above those windows and doorways are paintings of the royal insignia and weapons.
ArchitectureHo Phisaishalayalakshna
Ho Phisaishalayalakshna is a four-storey brick-and-stucco tower on a large platform in a square plan which has a veranda at the basement. Its arcade wall supporting the framework. The tower looks like attached towers; one has hipped roof and another one has flat roof. A spiral staircase inside the tower is leading to the upper storey, while the second floor has a balcony with ceramic balustrade. The archwindows have wooden boards while the uppermost floor has open windows.
ArchitecturePhra Ubosot Wat Niwet Thammaprawat
Phra Ubosot was built in Gothic Revival Style in with a rectangular plan and pointed roof, particularly the rear of the ubosot which had steep-slopping roof and its doors and windows were in pointed-arched-shaped with stained glass similar to Christian church. Above the northeastern entrance, the stained glasses, which were made in France, displayed the portrait of King Rama V wearing the royal garment in the occasion of His Accession to the Throne. The decoration inside Phra Ubosot was in European style and used pink tone, which represented the colour of the King’s birthday.
ArchitectureVehasna Chamroon Thone Hall
Vehasna Chamroon Thone Hall is a brick-and-stucco building and follows the Chinese architecture. The roof uses cureved tiles and decorated by Chinese blsseing symbols. The dragon-venturing-though-cloud sculptures are on the ridge.The reception hall on the first floor has Chinese porcelain tiles with patterns of animals, plants and figures in Chinese mythology. The sign on the top purlin, displaying the name “Tien Meng Toey” was mimic Chinese written by Thai alphabet, while the wooden sculpture around the building display the story of the Three Kingdoms. The marble staircase on the first floor shows the Yin-Yang symbol and leads to Chinese throne. At the back, there is another staircase leading to another Chinese throne on the upper reception hall. The top floor is the area where the tablets of King Rama V and Queen Depsirindra were installed by King Rama V. Later, King Rama VII installed the tablets of King Rama V and Queen Saovabha inside the Chinese niches.In the northern area of the throne hall were the King Rama V’s bedchamber, which has a phoenix-and-dragon carved bed, and Queen Saovabha’s bedchamber, which has wooden-carved, golden-coated with pearl element bed. In the southern area was King Rama V’s study room. The interior decoration used furniture in Qing Dynasty furniture.
ArchitectureHo Vithuradasna
Ho Vithuradasna is a three-storey tower in dodecagonal plan. The first storey was made from brick and stucco with pillar supporting curved purlins. The upper storey have verandas decorated by carving wooden decorative like Gingerbread houses. The tower top is a dome with tiles. The tower is painted in red and yellow and has spiral staircase inside.
