Arts in Southeast Asia
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PaintingMural Paintings Depicting Ramayana
The mural paintings show a combination of traditional and modern painting techniques as follows: the traditional painting techniques are demonstrated through the main characters’ dresses are similar to those in the Masked dance drama, they are showing the same dance movements, and the characters’ adornments are gilded. The modern painting techniques include the use of horizon lines and perspective, imitation of real buildings such as palaces in the Grand Palace, and depiction of real landscapes. In addition, the paintings also show ways of life of people in the Thai Royal Court and ordinary Thai people and humor through the supporting characters. There are 178 painting panels in total; and each painting comes with verse of Ramayana poetry on the lower part of the panels, 224 verses in total.
SculptureAvalokitesvara Bodhisattva
The sculpture is in the damaged condition. Only the head and upper body in ‘Tribhanga’ posture (standing body position or stance used in the traditional Indian sculpture, art and Indian classical dance forms) are left. The lower part of body is lost.The face is plump and well-crafted. The eyelids are half closed. The Unalome is visible at the forehead while head wears the triangle crown with jewelries. The hair bun on the top of the head is broken and lost, only the hair that is down to the shoulders left. The body wears many accessories such as the leather body bracelet with the chamois head on the left shoulder. This body bracelet is overlapped by a pearl body bracelet. Two necklaces, the top one is of pearls and the lower one is jewelries with flowers decorated. The jewels bracelet is also visible. Overall, this sculpture reflects the relationship between the Network of Mahayana Buddhist Kingdoms such as Pala Dynasty of India and Shailendra Dynasty of Java. However, the study by Assoc Prof Chet Tingsanchali points out the traits of the sculpture that do not exist in Java Art which means this sculpture might be crafted in Thailand.
ArchitecturePhra Sri Rattanachedi
Phra Sri Rattanachedi is a bell-shaped stupa in circular plan. Its four niches which have doors leading to the inner chamber, where the relics are kept in the small golden stupa, have smaller bell-shaped stupa on the top. The stupa is on a set of pyramidal lotus-shaped pedestals with wires in round plan. Its Ballang is in square plan, surrounded by supporting pillars.
ArchitectureChedi Phukhao Thong
Chedi Phukhao Thong is a monumental architecture. It comprises a pyramidal ambulatory platform with a staircase projecting from the middle of all four sides and a 12-angle indented (recessed) body. The upper part of the chedi, which now tilted slightly, is composed of Buddha niches on four sides, triple rings moulding, anindented bell-shaped dome and a spire.
ArchitecturePhra Ubosot Wat Phra Sri Rattanasatsadaram
Phra Ubosot Wat Phra Sri Rattanasatsadaram is a traditional Thai brick-and-stucco architecture in rectangular plan with boundary and faces the east.The three-tiered wooden roof is decorated by blue roof tiles, with orange and yellow roof tiles at the edge line. The cornice is decorated with Chorfah, Bairaka, Naksadung and Hanghong. The floral-carved-wooden pediment is coated with gold lacquer and glass, whose centre displays Vishnu riding Garuda.The exterior wall is decorated with gold-lacquer-and-glass Phoom Khao Bindh pattern, while there are Garuda holding Naga sculptures around the pedestal. Three doorways can be found both in the front and the back, with three pairs of bronze lion figures at the front staircase. There are pillars in dodecagonal plan surrounding the ubosot in the veranda area. Its echinus is a lotus shape and brackets are supporting the eaves.
ArchitecturePrasat Phra Thep Bidorn
Prasat Phra Thep Bidorn is a four-portico building with Prang top. The front projecting portico is in the east. The wall is decorated by tiles in Phoom Khao Bindh pattern on blue background. The cornice is decorated with Chorfah, Bairaka, Naksadung and Hanghong. A prang is on the top of the building, which is made from plaster and decorated with coloured tiles. Its four pediments display the royal coats of arms. The northern portico’s pediment displays Unalom of King Rama I. The southern portico’s pediment displays Garuda holding Nagas of King Rama II. The western portico’s pediment displays Phra Viman of King Rama III and the eastern portico’s pediment displays Phra Makamongkut of King Rama IV. The windows and doorways has Mongkut tops which are coated with gold lacquer and glass, while the sided walls show the royal coats of arms of King Rama I – V.
SculptureYakṣas at the Temple of the Emerald Buddha
The 12 sculptures are made of stucco with colorful glazed porcelain adornments according to Rammakian including different types of crowns, blouses, costumes, pointed sandals, etc. Their bodies were also painted according to the literary work.6 pairs of Yakṣas are as follows: 1.Suriyaphop – Intharachit 2.Mangkonkan – Wirunhok 3.Thotsakhichanthon – Thotsakhiriwan 4.Chakrawat – Atsakanmarasun 5.Thotsakan - Sahatsadecha Maiyarap - Wirunchambang
ArchitecturePhra Ubosot Wat Benchamabophit Dusitwanaram
Phra ubosot is in projecting cross plan and faces the east The easterm portico is extended, while the duplicated Phra Phuttha Jinaraj is installed in the western wing. The northern and southern porticos are linked to the cloister that leads to the back of the building.The front edge of the boundary stand concrete pillars with lotus-bud-shaped echinus, which signify “Sema”, while the back of the ubosot shows through Dharmacakra Sema on a granite-carved floor tiles. The boundary floor uses pink and gray granite tiles, while the wall is a white marble.The eastern and western porticos have four marble pillars in circular plan. Beside the staircase of each side stand a pair of marble-carved lions, which Prince Naris designed and molded by Khun Sakolpradit, the royal artisan.The exterior door was embossed with Dvarapala, while the interior door was painted the same figure with golden lacquer. The windows use the same technic, however, with Mara Baek. The niches were decorated by stained glass.The roof was built in traditional Thai form with yellow corrugated tiles and Thepphanom at the eaves, which once were the roof tiles of Wat Kalayanamite that later had been coloured in China. The pediment of phra ubosot displays the important state coat of arms. The eastern portico’s pediment displays Vishnu riding Garuda which stands for Phra Krooth Pah emblem. The western portico’s pediment display Unalom in Bussabok which stands for Maha Unalom or Maha Ongkarn emblem. The northern portico’s pediment displays three-headed elephant carrying bussabok which stands for Aiyarapot emblem. The southern portico’s pediment displays Cakra which stands for Cakraroth or Dharmacakra emblem.
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Minaret of Masjid Kampong Kling
The Southeast Asian-styled mosques are different from Indian or Persian masjids. The mosque has a square plan with 4 pillars supporting the sloping roof with the wooden beam supporting the tile roof without any dome. Other interesting point is the minaret that has stacked body with the Chinese sloping roof at the top. The shape of the minaret is similar to Chinese pagoda. At the same time, the minaret is also look alike the Dargarh type tower in Nagapattinam in South India
Dutch Colonization Period
17th – 18th century
Architecture
ArchitectureWat Sop Stupa
This stupa was hugely influenced by the ornamented stupa of Rattanakosin especially the bell-shaped element that is redented into 12 corners and the set of round lotus.However, this stupa was the creation of a new style by turning the ornamented stupa of Rattanakosin into the Prasat style that has the chamber and base that are different from stupas in Rattanakosin.
ArchitectureWat Apai Stupa
This stupa is hugely influenced by the bell-shaped stupa in Lanna art in many ways. The lotus base is redented and has wide middle plain element. The base supporting the bell-shaped element is in the round plan changing from the sloping mouldings in Lanna art. Also, the bell-shaped element is small. However, this stupa was not built in the same period with Muang Rai dynasty, but was built later around the 24th century BE. The dating was based on the fact that the stupa is small and the lotus has changed a lot from the Lanna art.
ArchitectureSim: Wat Xiang Thong
Sim (the ordination hall) of Wat Xiang Thong is the most significant example of the pavilion in Luang Prabang school. The most important characters are the multi-angled plan providing several doors scattering at every corner of the body. The pediment edge is of curvilinear contour reaching the ground level. The tympanum is divided in to several small square panels (Ma Tang Mai tympanum system). Below the frieze is the double-arched fillets which is the character that share both in Laotian and Lanna art. The style of the pavilion in Laun Prabang school is closely similar to tha of Lann art in Northern Thailand.
ArchitectureCho Fa: Wat Xiang Thong
Sim at Wat Xian Thong is the most complete sim in Lan Chang art of Luang Phra Bang school of art. At the ridge of the roof, there is a gable apex or the copy of Meru mouth. This symbilises that sim is the center of the universe surrounded by 7 Suttaboribhan mountains of different heights. At the edge, there is a universal mountain and at the bottom, there is fish ti represent the ocean. Such representation of Meru always appears in paintings both in Myanmese and Thai arts. This may be the model of the gable apex in Lan Chang art.
ArchitectureSim’s Gateway : Wat Xiang Thong
Sim at Wat Xian Thong is the most complete sim in Lan Chang art of Luang Phra Bang school of art. The interior decoration is very beautiful, being decorated with Kham pattern. At the front wall, there is a picture of gods paying respect to a chedi, which may be Chulamanee on the heaven. The sim’s gateway has the characteristics of Lan Chang that share many characteristics with Lanna art including the gate pole is decorated in three parts: high arch tiles, low arch tiles and the flower. The top of the Prasat is a tier of a large sloping roof topped with many tiers of lotus flower shape elements.
ArchitectureFuneral Urn Storage : Wat Xiang Thong
Funeral urn storage is the latest type pf building at Wat Xiang Thong. It was built to store the ashes and the royal chariot. This is the reason why the front wall consists of wooden pieces so that it is easy to reassemble when the royal charioy needs to be used. The front wall is craved with secral stories from Ramayana such as Srida and the fire, Raman fighting the giants, Tossakan fighting Chadayu bird and the fall of Tossakan. These were carved by “Piertan” who was the royal craftman in the late 25 to the early 26 century. This craftman had a unique artistic characteristic that has become the present Laotian school of art in that the cravings are very real following the realism, but wear the traditional ornaments. Also, the carvings are in the mist of Kanok pattern leaving no blank space.
ArchitectureSim : Wat Kili
wSim at Wat kili is the most complete example of Chiang Kwang sim in Luang Phra Bang. The sims of Chiang Kwang school of art at Khoun city were all destroyed during the war. This makes it only possible to study the Chiang Kwang school of art in Luang Phra Bang. The sim of Chiang Kwang school of art is very similar to that of Luang Phra Bang in terms of the pediment that has a curvy frame falling down almost to the ground and the “Ma Tang Mai’, a special feature of Lanna art. However, the most diiferent feature is that the pediment of Luang Phra Bang schoolof art has brid-winged partitions, the pediment of Chiang Kwang school of art does not have it at all.
ArchitectureSim : Wat Pak Khan
Sim at Wat Pak Khan is the most complete sim in Lan Chang art of Thai Leu school of art. It has wide supporting posts and the height of the roof at the front is equivalent with the height at the side. Thia Leu sim was popular in Sip Song Punna, which is now in Yunan state in the south of China. The appearance of Thai Leu sim in Luang Phra Bang shows the migratioin of Thai Leu people from Sip Song Punna to find settlements in Luang Phra Bang.
