Arts in Southeast Asia
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PaintingMural Paintings Depicting Ramayana
The mural paintings show a combination of traditional and modern painting techniques as follows: the traditional painting techniques are demonstrated through the main characters’ dresses are similar to those in the Masked dance drama, they are showing the same dance movements, and the characters’ adornments are gilded. The modern painting techniques include the use of horizon lines and perspective, imitation of real buildings such as palaces in the Grand Palace, and depiction of real landscapes. In addition, the paintings also show ways of life of people in the Thai Royal Court and ordinary Thai people and humor through the supporting characters. There are 178 painting panels in total; and each painting comes with verse of Ramayana poetry on the lower part of the panels, 224 verses in total.
SculptureAvalokitesvara Bodhisattva
The sculpture is in the damaged condition. Only the head and upper body in ‘Tribhanga’ posture (standing body position or stance used in the traditional Indian sculpture, art and Indian classical dance forms) are left. The lower part of body is lost.The face is plump and well-crafted. The eyelids are half closed. The Unalome is visible at the forehead while head wears the triangle crown with jewelries. The hair bun on the top of the head is broken and lost, only the hair that is down to the shoulders left. The body wears many accessories such as the leather body bracelet with the chamois head on the left shoulder. This body bracelet is overlapped by a pearl body bracelet. Two necklaces, the top one is of pearls and the lower one is jewelries with flowers decorated. The jewels bracelet is also visible. Overall, this sculpture reflects the relationship between the Network of Mahayana Buddhist Kingdoms such as Pala Dynasty of India and Shailendra Dynasty of Java. However, the study by Assoc Prof Chet Tingsanchali points out the traits of the sculpture that do not exist in Java Art which means this sculpture might be crafted in Thailand.
ArchitecturePhra Sri Rattanachedi
Phra Sri Rattanachedi is a bell-shaped stupa in circular plan. Its four niches which have doors leading to the inner chamber, where the relics are kept in the small golden stupa, have smaller bell-shaped stupa on the top. The stupa is on a set of pyramidal lotus-shaped pedestals with wires in round plan. Its Ballang is in square plan, surrounded by supporting pillars.
ArchitectureChedi Phukhao Thong
Chedi Phukhao Thong is a monumental architecture. It comprises a pyramidal ambulatory platform with a staircase projecting from the middle of all four sides and a 12-angle indented (recessed) body. The upper part of the chedi, which now tilted slightly, is composed of Buddha niches on four sides, triple rings moulding, anindented bell-shaped dome and a spire.
ArchitecturePhra Ubosot Wat Phra Sri Rattanasatsadaram
Phra Ubosot Wat Phra Sri Rattanasatsadaram is a traditional Thai brick-and-stucco architecture in rectangular plan with boundary and faces the east.The three-tiered wooden roof is decorated by blue roof tiles, with orange and yellow roof tiles at the edge line. The cornice is decorated with Chorfah, Bairaka, Naksadung and Hanghong. The floral-carved-wooden pediment is coated with gold lacquer and glass, whose centre displays Vishnu riding Garuda.The exterior wall is decorated with gold-lacquer-and-glass Phoom Khao Bindh pattern, while there are Garuda holding Naga sculptures around the pedestal. Three doorways can be found both in the front and the back, with three pairs of bronze lion figures at the front staircase. There are pillars in dodecagonal plan surrounding the ubosot in the veranda area. Its echinus is a lotus shape and brackets are supporting the eaves.
ArchitecturePrasat Phra Thep Bidorn
Prasat Phra Thep Bidorn is a four-portico building with Prang top. The front projecting portico is in the east. The wall is decorated by tiles in Phoom Khao Bindh pattern on blue background. The cornice is decorated with Chorfah, Bairaka, Naksadung and Hanghong. A prang is on the top of the building, which is made from plaster and decorated with coloured tiles. Its four pediments display the royal coats of arms. The northern portico’s pediment displays Unalom of King Rama I. The southern portico’s pediment displays Garuda holding Nagas of King Rama II. The western portico’s pediment displays Phra Viman of King Rama III and the eastern portico’s pediment displays Phra Makamongkut of King Rama IV. The windows and doorways has Mongkut tops which are coated with gold lacquer and glass, while the sided walls show the royal coats of arms of King Rama I – V.
SculptureYakṣas at the Temple of the Emerald Buddha
The 12 sculptures are made of stucco with colorful glazed porcelain adornments according to Rammakian including different types of crowns, blouses, costumes, pointed sandals, etc. Their bodies were also painted according to the literary work.6 pairs of Yakṣas are as follows: 1.Suriyaphop – Intharachit 2.Mangkonkan – Wirunhok 3.Thotsakhichanthon – Thotsakhiriwan 4.Chakrawat – Atsakanmarasun 5.Thotsakan - Sahatsadecha Maiyarap - Wirunchambang
ArchitecturePhra Ubosot Wat Benchamabophit Dusitwanaram
Phra ubosot is in projecting cross plan and faces the east The easterm portico is extended, while the duplicated Phra Phuttha Jinaraj is installed in the western wing. The northern and southern porticos are linked to the cloister that leads to the back of the building.The front edge of the boundary stand concrete pillars with lotus-bud-shaped echinus, which signify “Sema”, while the back of the ubosot shows through Dharmacakra Sema on a granite-carved floor tiles. The boundary floor uses pink and gray granite tiles, while the wall is a white marble.The eastern and western porticos have four marble pillars in circular plan. Beside the staircase of each side stand a pair of marble-carved lions, which Prince Naris designed and molded by Khun Sakolpradit, the royal artisan.The exterior door was embossed with Dvarapala, while the interior door was painted the same figure with golden lacquer. The windows use the same technic, however, with Mara Baek. The niches were decorated by stained glass.The roof was built in traditional Thai form with yellow corrugated tiles and Thepphanom at the eaves, which once were the roof tiles of Wat Kalayanamite that later had been coloured in China. The pediment of phra ubosot displays the important state coat of arms. The eastern portico’s pediment displays Vishnu riding Garuda which stands for Phra Krooth Pah emblem. The western portico’s pediment display Unalom in Bussabok which stands for Maha Unalom or Maha Ongkarn emblem. The northern portico’s pediment displays three-headed elephant carrying bussabok which stands for Aiyarapot emblem. The southern portico’s pediment displays Cakra which stands for Cakraroth or Dharmacakra emblem.
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Minaret of Masjid Kampong Kling
The Southeast Asian-styled mosques are different from Indian or Persian masjids. The mosque has a square plan with 4 pillars supporting the sloping roof with the wooden beam supporting the tile roof without any dome. Other interesting point is the minaret that has stacked body with the Chinese sloping roof at the top. The shape of the minaret is similar to Chinese pagoda. At the same time, the minaret is also look alike the Dargarh type tower in Nagapattinam in South India
Dutch Colonization Period
17th – 18th century
Architecture
ArchitectureMasjid Kepitan Keling
Masjid Kapitan Kling bears the strong influence from Indian Mughal art. The triple domes with the Ghanta (the flowery motif) on the cap of the central dome, the use of Pishtaq in the center of the body and the Chatri (the small copula) on the top of the minaret are of the examples of Mughal characters in this mosque. British architects were responsible for the popularization of the Mughal style of mosque in Malaysia. As the mosque was firstly built by an Indian, the architect of his mosque attempted to design this mosque to be under the Indian inspiration.
SculptureMinaret: Masjid Kepitan Keling
Masjid Kepitan Keling got the main inspiration from Mughal art of India. There is a possibility that the mosque’s architect try to make the mosque look Indian as much as possible to response with the profile of the first founder who came from India. Thus, the mosque’s minaret shows the influence from Mughal art for example the octagonal shape with terraces. On top is Chhatri, the octagonal pavilion with 8 pillars that support small dome.
ArchitectureMinaret: Masjid Melayu
The minaret of this mosque is outstanding. The structure has a tapering shape with one terrace on top. This shape looks like the lighthouse or tower for navigating. Lighthouse is the British culture that they bring to Malaysia and give the inspiration to the lighthouse shape minaret in Malaysian art. Beside this mosque, Masjid Kampong Hulu in Melaka also uses this style of minaret, too.
ArchitectureSan Augustin Church
The architectural element of San Augustine’s façade is of classic style, including the triangular pediment supported by the Corinthian columns in the upper register and by the Ionic columns in the lower register. The rose window at the pediment is however reminiscent of the Gothic style. The belfry, originally there were two, is now only one survived following the earthquake in the 19th century.
ArchitectureInterior: San Augustin Church
In San Augustin Church, there are tunnel vault and Trompe l’oeil which was painted on the celing by a couple of Italian painters in 1875. At the end of this church, there is also a statue of Saint James, the Saint of Spain, with a sward in his hand.
ArchitectureManila Cathedral
The Cathedral of Manila was designed as the church in Latin-cross plan with transepts at the both sides and the apse at the rear. This kind of plan was very popular in European art. From the old photo, the belfry was originally detached from the main building. However, the modern one is attached to the main church. The dome of the cathedral is of the normal classic-styled dome. The octagonal drum is punctuated with series of double-windows and pilasters. The dome is decorated with the copper-sheet and the lantern is decorated on the top of the dome which are the normal style of the dome decoration in both Renaissance and Baroque art.
ArchitectureQuiapo Church
Quiapo Church has a classical front panel including a triangular pediment supported by Corinthian order. There are also octagonal towers beside the church. Most of the elements of these octagonal towers are classical while some of them represent baroque architecture such as trophy decoration, arched windows, use of volute to support the tower, etc.
ArchitectureBinondo Church
The façade of this church is classic. The gable is triangular supported by ionic and Corinthians. It is worth noticing that the façades of almost every church in Manila were built in classic style. The belfry of Binondo Church was built since 16 century and it is not destroyed by the war. The belfry is octagon. The octagon belfry is built up into layers and each layer is different in level. Each floor is decorated with wall posts and camber. At the top appears dome and lantern. The style of this bell tower resembles Chedi (Tha) in Chinese art.
