Arts in Southeast Asia
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PaintingMural Paintings Depicting Ramayana
The mural paintings show a combination of traditional and modern painting techniques as follows: the traditional painting techniques are demonstrated through the main characters’ dresses are similar to those in the Masked dance drama, they are showing the same dance movements, and the characters’ adornments are gilded. The modern painting techniques include the use of horizon lines and perspective, imitation of real buildings such as palaces in the Grand Palace, and depiction of real landscapes. In addition, the paintings also show ways of life of people in the Thai Royal Court and ordinary Thai people and humor through the supporting characters. There are 178 painting panels in total; and each painting comes with verse of Ramayana poetry on the lower part of the panels, 224 verses in total.
SculptureAvalokitesvara Bodhisattva
The sculpture is in the damaged condition. Only the head and upper body in ‘Tribhanga’ posture (standing body position or stance used in the traditional Indian sculpture, art and Indian classical dance forms) are left. The lower part of body is lost.The face is plump and well-crafted. The eyelids are half closed. The Unalome is visible at the forehead while head wears the triangle crown with jewelries. The hair bun on the top of the head is broken and lost, only the hair that is down to the shoulders left. The body wears many accessories such as the leather body bracelet with the chamois head on the left shoulder. This body bracelet is overlapped by a pearl body bracelet. Two necklaces, the top one is of pearls and the lower one is jewelries with flowers decorated. The jewels bracelet is also visible. Overall, this sculpture reflects the relationship between the Network of Mahayana Buddhist Kingdoms such as Pala Dynasty of India and Shailendra Dynasty of Java. However, the study by Assoc Prof Chet Tingsanchali points out the traits of the sculpture that do not exist in Java Art which means this sculpture might be crafted in Thailand.
ArchitecturePhra Sri Rattanachedi
Phra Sri Rattanachedi is a bell-shaped stupa in circular plan. Its four niches which have doors leading to the inner chamber, where the relics are kept in the small golden stupa, have smaller bell-shaped stupa on the top. The stupa is on a set of pyramidal lotus-shaped pedestals with wires in round plan. Its Ballang is in square plan, surrounded by supporting pillars.
ArchitectureChedi Phukhao Thong
Chedi Phukhao Thong is a monumental architecture. It comprises a pyramidal ambulatory platform with a staircase projecting from the middle of all four sides and a 12-angle indented (recessed) body. The upper part of the chedi, which now tilted slightly, is composed of Buddha niches on four sides, triple rings moulding, anindented bell-shaped dome and a spire.
ArchitecturePhra Ubosot Wat Phra Sri Rattanasatsadaram
Phra Ubosot Wat Phra Sri Rattanasatsadaram is a traditional Thai brick-and-stucco architecture in rectangular plan with boundary and faces the east.The three-tiered wooden roof is decorated by blue roof tiles, with orange and yellow roof tiles at the edge line. The cornice is decorated with Chorfah, Bairaka, Naksadung and Hanghong. The floral-carved-wooden pediment is coated with gold lacquer and glass, whose centre displays Vishnu riding Garuda.The exterior wall is decorated with gold-lacquer-and-glass Phoom Khao Bindh pattern, while there are Garuda holding Naga sculptures around the pedestal. Three doorways can be found both in the front and the back, with three pairs of bronze lion figures at the front staircase. There are pillars in dodecagonal plan surrounding the ubosot in the veranda area. Its echinus is a lotus shape and brackets are supporting the eaves.
ArchitecturePrasat Phra Thep Bidorn
Prasat Phra Thep Bidorn is a four-portico building with Prang top. The front projecting portico is in the east. The wall is decorated by tiles in Phoom Khao Bindh pattern on blue background. The cornice is decorated with Chorfah, Bairaka, Naksadung and Hanghong. A prang is on the top of the building, which is made from plaster and decorated with coloured tiles. Its four pediments display the royal coats of arms. The northern portico’s pediment displays Unalom of King Rama I. The southern portico’s pediment displays Garuda holding Nagas of King Rama II. The western portico’s pediment displays Phra Viman of King Rama III and the eastern portico’s pediment displays Phra Makamongkut of King Rama IV. The windows and doorways has Mongkut tops which are coated with gold lacquer and glass, while the sided walls show the royal coats of arms of King Rama I – V.
SculptureYakṣas at the Temple of the Emerald Buddha
The 12 sculptures are made of stucco with colorful glazed porcelain adornments according to Rammakian including different types of crowns, blouses, costumes, pointed sandals, etc. Their bodies were also painted according to the literary work.6 pairs of Yakṣas are as follows: 1.Suriyaphop – Intharachit 2.Mangkonkan – Wirunhok 3.Thotsakhichanthon – Thotsakhiriwan 4.Chakrawat – Atsakanmarasun 5.Thotsakan - Sahatsadecha Maiyarap - Wirunchambang
ArchitecturePhra Ubosot Wat Benchamabophit Dusitwanaram
Phra ubosot is in projecting cross plan and faces the east The easterm portico is extended, while the duplicated Phra Phuttha Jinaraj is installed in the western wing. The northern and southern porticos are linked to the cloister that leads to the back of the building.The front edge of the boundary stand concrete pillars with lotus-bud-shaped echinus, which signify “Sema”, while the back of the ubosot shows through Dharmacakra Sema on a granite-carved floor tiles. The boundary floor uses pink and gray granite tiles, while the wall is a white marble.The eastern and western porticos have four marble pillars in circular plan. Beside the staircase of each side stand a pair of marble-carved lions, which Prince Naris designed and molded by Khun Sakolpradit, the royal artisan.The exterior door was embossed with Dvarapala, while the interior door was painted the same figure with golden lacquer. The windows use the same technic, however, with Mara Baek. The niches were decorated by stained glass.The roof was built in traditional Thai form with yellow corrugated tiles and Thepphanom at the eaves, which once were the roof tiles of Wat Kalayanamite that later had been coloured in China. The pediment of phra ubosot displays the important state coat of arms. The eastern portico’s pediment displays Vishnu riding Garuda which stands for Phra Krooth Pah emblem. The western portico’s pediment display Unalom in Bussabok which stands for Maha Unalom or Maha Ongkarn emblem. The northern portico’s pediment displays three-headed elephant carrying bussabok which stands for Aiyarapot emblem. The southern portico’s pediment displays Cakra which stands for Cakraroth or Dharmacakra emblem.
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Minaret of Masjid Kampong Kling
The Southeast Asian-styled mosques are different from Indian or Persian masjids. The mosque has a square plan with 4 pillars supporting the sloping roof with the wooden beam supporting the tile roof without any dome. Other interesting point is the minaret that has stacked body with the Chinese sloping roof at the top. The shape of the minaret is similar to Chinese pagoda. At the same time, the minaret is also look alike the Dargarh type tower in Nagapattinam in South India
Dutch Colonization Period
17th – 18th century
Architecture
ArchitecturePrasat Damrei Krap
Hoa Lai style of Cham architecture is characterized by the pilasters which are normally arranged in the series of four and the band decoration in the center of these pilasters. These characters are similar to Hoa Lai style in Vietnam. The Garuda decorating the capital is also reminiscent of the same pattern at Hoa Lai. However, this temple is unfinished because the band at the center of the pilasters is devoid of any motifs.
ArchitectureMy Son Group B
My Son Group B is the example of the temple complex in Cham art. The temples inside the complex are normally arranged without the symmetry. Inside the complex there are the main tower, the subsidiary towers, rectangular temple, the gateway, the enclosure and the outside Mandapa.
ArchitectureMy Son B5
This temple is supposed to be one of the temples dedicated to Bhadreshvara, the most sacred Linga of Champa kingdom.
ArchitectureMy Son C1
My Son C1 is the main tower of My Son Group C and is the only main temple in Cham art which is of rectangular plan. The roof is of wagon-liked elongate roof. (called as Shala roof in South Indian terminology) As this temple is in rectangular plan, the longer side is punctuated by 7 pilasters (only 6 are visible as it is obscured by the central niche). The double-arched niche indicates the continuation from Dong Dzuong style but it is not elongated as that of Dong Dzoung. Insidethe niche there is the guarding holding club, the character of My Son style.
ArchitectureMy Son C1
My Son C1 is the main tower of the complex C and this tower is the only rectangular main tower with the wagon roof. (called as Śālā roof in South Indian term) The front hall or Maṇḍapa is also designed in the wagon-roof rectangular tower. The front hall is decorated with 5 pilasters and the door is decorated with the double-vase-liked column, typical to My Son A1 period.
ArchitectureDetails of upper mouldings: My Son C1
My Son C1 is the tower datable to My Son A1 period as the flute in the middle of the pilaster is continued up to the capital. The capital is complicated with the convex and concave mouldings, more complicated than the earlier-period ones. However, because the capital is lack of ornament, the temple seems to be unfinished.
ArchitectureCandi Bhima
This temple is the only North-Indian affiliated temple in Javanese art as the superstructure of this temple is in Nāgara Śikhara. The superstructure is dividable into three offsets, each offset is beautified with the horseshoed arches “Gvākṣa” and the face of human. The corner offsets are decorated with Amalaka, typical to North Indian art. The contour of the superstructure is in trapezoid shape, different from the stepped contour of Candi Arjun and Candi Puntadeva. After the early phase of Central Javanese art, the North-Indian superstructure would be out of fashion and the South-Indian superstructure would be the only popular convention in the middle and the late Central Javanese Art.
ArchitectureCandi Mendut
The temple rests on the huge platform providing the space for circumambulation. The wall of the body is divided into three portions. The central portion depicts the sitting figure of Bodhisattva while the corner portions depict the standing statues of the Eight Great Bodhisattvas (Aṣṭamahābodhisattva). This allows Candi Mendut to be comparable to the Mahayanist Iconographic diagram. The superstructure of this temple follows the South Indian fashion, the stepped multi-tiered roof. However, the roof of this temple is ornamented with miniature Stupas (Stūpika), typical to the Central Javanese art. The decoration of miniature stupas on the top of the roof is associated with Buddhism.
