Arts in Southeast Asia
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PaintingMural Paintings Depicting Ramayana
The mural paintings show a combination of traditional and modern painting techniques as follows: the traditional painting techniques are demonstrated through the main characters’ dresses are similar to those in the Masked dance drama, they are showing the same dance movements, and the characters’ adornments are gilded. The modern painting techniques include the use of horizon lines and perspective, imitation of real buildings such as palaces in the Grand Palace, and depiction of real landscapes. In addition, the paintings also show ways of life of people in the Thai Royal Court and ordinary Thai people and humor through the supporting characters. There are 178 painting panels in total; and each painting comes with verse of Ramayana poetry on the lower part of the panels, 224 verses in total.
SculptureAvalokitesvara Bodhisattva
The sculpture is in the damaged condition. Only the head and upper body in ‘Tribhanga’ posture (standing body position or stance used in the traditional Indian sculpture, art and Indian classical dance forms) are left. The lower part of body is lost.The face is plump and well-crafted. The eyelids are half closed. The Unalome is visible at the forehead while head wears the triangle crown with jewelries. The hair bun on the top of the head is broken and lost, only the hair that is down to the shoulders left. The body wears many accessories such as the leather body bracelet with the chamois head on the left shoulder. This body bracelet is overlapped by a pearl body bracelet. Two necklaces, the top one is of pearls and the lower one is jewelries with flowers decorated. The jewels bracelet is also visible. Overall, this sculpture reflects the relationship between the Network of Mahayana Buddhist Kingdoms such as Pala Dynasty of India and Shailendra Dynasty of Java. However, the study by Assoc Prof Chet Tingsanchali points out the traits of the sculpture that do not exist in Java Art which means this sculpture might be crafted in Thailand.
ArchitecturePhra Sri Rattanachedi
Phra Sri Rattanachedi is a bell-shaped stupa in circular plan. Its four niches which have doors leading to the inner chamber, where the relics are kept in the small golden stupa, have smaller bell-shaped stupa on the top. The stupa is on a set of pyramidal lotus-shaped pedestals with wires in round plan. Its Ballang is in square plan, surrounded by supporting pillars.
ArchitectureChedi Phukhao Thong
Chedi Phukhao Thong is a monumental architecture. It comprises a pyramidal ambulatory platform with a staircase projecting from the middle of all four sides and a 12-angle indented (recessed) body. The upper part of the chedi, which now tilted slightly, is composed of Buddha niches on four sides, triple rings moulding, anindented bell-shaped dome and a spire.
ArchitecturePhra Ubosot Wat Phra Sri Rattanasatsadaram
Phra Ubosot Wat Phra Sri Rattanasatsadaram is a traditional Thai brick-and-stucco architecture in rectangular plan with boundary and faces the east.The three-tiered wooden roof is decorated by blue roof tiles, with orange and yellow roof tiles at the edge line. The cornice is decorated with Chorfah, Bairaka, Naksadung and Hanghong. The floral-carved-wooden pediment is coated with gold lacquer and glass, whose centre displays Vishnu riding Garuda.The exterior wall is decorated with gold-lacquer-and-glass Phoom Khao Bindh pattern, while there are Garuda holding Naga sculptures around the pedestal. Three doorways can be found both in the front and the back, with three pairs of bronze lion figures at the front staircase. There are pillars in dodecagonal plan surrounding the ubosot in the veranda area. Its echinus is a lotus shape and brackets are supporting the eaves.
ArchitecturePrasat Phra Thep Bidorn
Prasat Phra Thep Bidorn is a four-portico building with Prang top. The front projecting portico is in the east. The wall is decorated by tiles in Phoom Khao Bindh pattern on blue background. The cornice is decorated with Chorfah, Bairaka, Naksadung and Hanghong. A prang is on the top of the building, which is made from plaster and decorated with coloured tiles. Its four pediments display the royal coats of arms. The northern portico’s pediment displays Unalom of King Rama I. The southern portico’s pediment displays Garuda holding Nagas of King Rama II. The western portico’s pediment displays Phra Viman of King Rama III and the eastern portico’s pediment displays Phra Makamongkut of King Rama IV. The windows and doorways has Mongkut tops which are coated with gold lacquer and glass, while the sided walls show the royal coats of arms of King Rama I – V.
SculptureYakṣas at the Temple of the Emerald Buddha
The 12 sculptures are made of stucco with colorful glazed porcelain adornments according to Rammakian including different types of crowns, blouses, costumes, pointed sandals, etc. Their bodies were also painted according to the literary work.6 pairs of Yakṣas are as follows: 1.Suriyaphop – Intharachit 2.Mangkonkan – Wirunhok 3.Thotsakhichanthon – Thotsakhiriwan 4.Chakrawat – Atsakanmarasun 5.Thotsakan - Sahatsadecha Maiyarap - Wirunchambang
ArchitecturePhra Ubosot Wat Benchamabophit Dusitwanaram
Phra ubosot is in projecting cross plan and faces the east The easterm portico is extended, while the duplicated Phra Phuttha Jinaraj is installed in the western wing. The northern and southern porticos are linked to the cloister that leads to the back of the building.The front edge of the boundary stand concrete pillars with lotus-bud-shaped echinus, which signify “Sema”, while the back of the ubosot shows through Dharmacakra Sema on a granite-carved floor tiles. The boundary floor uses pink and gray granite tiles, while the wall is a white marble.The eastern and western porticos have four marble pillars in circular plan. Beside the staircase of each side stand a pair of marble-carved lions, which Prince Naris designed and molded by Khun Sakolpradit, the royal artisan.The exterior door was embossed with Dvarapala, while the interior door was painted the same figure with golden lacquer. The windows use the same technic, however, with Mara Baek. The niches were decorated by stained glass.The roof was built in traditional Thai form with yellow corrugated tiles and Thepphanom at the eaves, which once were the roof tiles of Wat Kalayanamite that later had been coloured in China. The pediment of phra ubosot displays the important state coat of arms. The eastern portico’s pediment displays Vishnu riding Garuda which stands for Phra Krooth Pah emblem. The western portico’s pediment display Unalom in Bussabok which stands for Maha Unalom or Maha Ongkarn emblem. The northern portico’s pediment displays three-headed elephant carrying bussabok which stands for Aiyarapot emblem. The southern portico’s pediment displays Cakra which stands for Cakraroth or Dharmacakra emblem.
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Minaret of Masjid Kampong Kling
The Southeast Asian-styled mosques are different from Indian or Persian masjids. The mosque has a square plan with 4 pillars supporting the sloping roof with the wooden beam supporting the tile roof without any dome. Other interesting point is the minaret that has stacked body with the Chinese sloping roof at the top. The shape of the minaret is similar to Chinese pagoda. At the same time, the minaret is also look alike the Dargarh type tower in Nagapattinam in South India
Dutch Colonization Period
17th – 18th century
Architecture
ArchitectureTamil Temples in Singapore
Tamil temples in singapore have similar components with those in the southern India. It consists of Kopura topped with multi-tiered roof. The roof is decorated with gods. At the top, there is a rectangular dome. Inside the temple, there is a principle icon. Every building has spires of different colors, which was very popular among Tamil temples in the late Vichainakhon art and Narok in the southern part of India. This also had some influences to Singapore temples.
ArchitectureStupa: Wat Peng
Stua at Wat Peng is a stupa in an octagonal plan. The important feature is the angled lotus bell-shaped element, which is the unique feature of Lan Chang. The base is Bua Khao Prom in the form of lion legs. This shows the relationship with the lion base in the middle Ayuthaya and is very similar to the same part at Wat ong Tue, Tha Bor Subdistrict, Nong Khai.
ArchitectureStupa: Wat Nak Yai
Stupa at Wat Nak Yai is the most beautiful Prasat-type in Vientiane area. It is very similar to Lanna art. The chamber is redented with 20 corners. The niches on the four sides enshrine the standing Buddha images. Above the chamber is a base supoorting the redented bell-shaped element with 12 corners. and the top part is the angled lotus. This stupa might have been built from the reign of king Chai Chetthathirat to the reign of king Suriyawongsathammikaraj. This was the period when Lan Chang art was still closely related to Lanna and Ayutthaya arts.
ArchitectureSim: Wat Sisaket
Sim at Wat Srisaket is a Vientiane sim that has high roofs on the sides. This is different from low roofs of Luang Phra Bang and Chiang Kwang. There are surrounding Palai, which is very similar to Ubosot in Rattanakosin art. The door and window are of Mondop shape, which is similar to ubosot at Wat Phra Sri Sasadaram in Bangkok. However, the multi-tiered roof is similar to Lan Chang. The colorless tiles, the gabel apex and the Prasat on the top of the roof are all unique characteristics of Lan Chang.
ArchitectureScriptural Hall: Wat Sisaket
Scripture hall at Wat Srisaket has a Mondop-type roof ( a multi-tiered roof with a small pediment). This is very similar to the scripture hall at Wat Pha Srisasadaram in Bangkok. However, the multi-tiered roof and the unglazed tiles are of Lan Chnag Style. Inside, there is a large golden Tripitaka cabinet.
ArchitectureThat Dam
What is surpirsing about this is that That Phoon is the only attempt to replicate stupa of Mon style. In particular, a highly redented square base and the sloping base to support the bell-shaped element without a square form are all important characteristics of Mon stupa in Myanmar.
ArchitectureSan Augustin Church
Since the Philippines was once colonized by Spain and Saint James was one of Jesus’ apostles and was the Saint of Spain, the image of Saint James is then used to decorate the gate of Sandiago’s fortress.
SculptureApsara
A female gate keeper is topless with her hair tied at the back. She wears ornaments and long cloth without strips. The end of the cloth is pulled out of its edge. There is also a line in the middle similar to a pleast in the pre-ankor period, but the pattern is of a fish tail. The keeper is in an arch of Banteau Srei art
