The attitude of subduing Mara

Keywords : Wat Chang Lom Si Satchanalai, The attitude of subduing Mara, Ramkhamhaeng National Museum

Site common name	Ramkhamhaeng National Museum
Type of artwork	Sculpture
Sub district	Mueang Kao
District	Mueang Sukhothai
Province	Sukhothai
Region	Central
Country	Thailand
Geographic Coordinates Decimal degree	Lat : 17.018304 Long : 99.707273
Geographic Coordinates UTM	Zone : 47 Q Hemisphere : N E : 575278.74 N : 1881715.86
Place of artwork	It is exhibited in the exhibition room of the National Museum of Kamphaengphet.

History of production	There is no clear evidence in writing about the construction, however it is believed that Wat Chang Lom pagoda Si Satchanalai was built in the reign of Mahathammaracha I (Lithai). Hence, this Buddha image placed inside Sum Charanam (a niche in the wall, usually placed a Buddha image) in Lan Prataksin (circumambulatory path) area might have been made in the same period.
Production process	Stucco
Conservation	It was discovered at Wat Chang Lom pagoda Si Satchanalai.
Art	The stucco Buddha image is sitting simple cross-legged on the lotus base. The hand is in the attitude of subduing Mara. The image has a round face, yet rather oval which could indicate the time during the change from the round face in early Sukhothai Buddha images to the oval face the Major Group. The eyebrows are arched. The eyes are gazing down. It also has a pointed nose, well-proportioned lips and small finer hair curls. The robe is worn across the body without drapery folds. The outer robe is worn on the left shoulder. It has a special feature that makes it different from other images in the Major Group which is that the whole outer robe is folded while other images in the Major Group will be folded only the edge.
Key academic information	It was found at Wat Chang Lom and it is the sample image that indicates the change of the Buddha features from the early Sukhothai, the image with a round face, to an oval face classified as the Sukhothai image the Major Group. Moreover, the outer robe on the left shoulder is folded ; it indicates a relation with the Buddha image found at Nan and might be related to the the Buddha image on the south as well. This image is the fine proof about the relation between Sukhothai and other cities.
Period	Historical Period
Art period	Sukhothai
Age	20th Buddhist century
Religion	Buddhism
Religion and belief	Buddhism
Related artwork	There are not many Buddha images that the outer robe or the robe itself are folded; the important ones are the stucco Buddha image in a walking posture at Wat Phra Si Ratana Mahathat Chaliang and the Buddha image in the attitude of subduing Mara at Wat Kok, Nan province. These two can be classified as Sukhothai Buddha images under the Major Group. However, some academics have pointed out that the folded robe is evident on the Naga-Buddha image in the late Srivijaya style from Wat Wiang, Chaiya district, Surat thani province. It is currently exhibited in Bangkok National Museum and has become one of the Buddha image patterns for a school of style in the southern part of Thailand afterwards, as seen on the Buddha images inside the cloister surrounded Phra Borom That Chaiya, Chaiya district, Surat Thani province.

Type of License	Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs (CC BY-NC-ND)
Rights	Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre
Date of record creation	2015-09-30
Record creator	Rungroj Thamrungraeng
Bibliography	Sakchai Saisingha. Buddha Images in Thailand—Styles, Development, and Thai’s Beliefs. Bangkok : Art History sector Faculty of Archaeology Silpakorn University, 2556. Santi Leksukhum. Sukhothai Art. 3^rd edition, Bangkok : Muang Boran, 2555.